Optimizing Nitrogen Management for Sustainable Peanut Production on Subtropical Sloping Red Soils

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 不同生育时期断根对花生光合特性及产量的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201305131035 作者: 作者单位: 青岛农业大学农学与植物保护学院/山东省旱作农业技术重点实验室,青岛农业大学农学与植物保护学院/山东省旱作农业技术重点实验室,青岛农业大学农学与植物保护学院/山东省旱作农业技术重点实验室,青岛农业大学农学与植物保护学院/山东省旱作农业技术重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(31271657); 国家科技支撑计划项目(2009BADA8B03); 国家花生产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-14-东北区栽培); 山东省"泰山学者"建设项目; 山东省农业重大应用技术创新项目; 山东省花生产业技术体系建设项目. Effects of root cutting at different growth stages on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of peanut Arachis hypogaea L. Author: Affiliation: Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dry Farming Techniques,,,Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dry Farming Techniques Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:在田间试验条件下,以青花5号花生品种为材料,研究了不同生育时期断根对花生功能叶片光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明:适期断根(花后20d)可促进花生叶片生长,显著提高叶面积指数,且维持较高的叶面积指数和叶绿素含量的时间较长;植株功能叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率较高,胞间CO2浓度较低,光合效率显著提高;可增加花生结果数量和果重,提高单株生产力,显著提高荚果产量和经济系数。过早断根(花后5d至10d)叶面积增长慢、峰值低、后期下降快,叶绿素含量低;功能叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率峰值低且峰值过后下降速度快,而胞间CO2浓度一直维持在较高水平;断根时间越早,产量越低。过晚(花后25d)断根不利于叶面积指数的发展和较高叶绿素含量的维持,基本不影响花生叶片各光合性能指标,对产量影响较少。研究认为,开花后20d断根可作为花生栽培中的一项技术措施。 Abstract:The aim of the present paper is to investigate the effects of root cutting on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and yield of peanut, which can provide the theoretical basis for root cutting applied to peanut production as an agronomic technology. Under the field condtions with Arachis hypogaea L. cv. ‘Qinghua 5’ as the experimental materials in 2011 and 2012, the experiments was conducted to study the effects of root cutting at different growth stages on functional leaf photosynthetic characteristics and yield of peanut. The experiments were subjected to five treatments at different growth stage: root cutting on the fifth day after the first flowering date(T1), the tenth day after the first flowering date(T2), the fiftieth day after the first flowering date(T3), the twentieth day after the first flowering date(T4), and the twenty-fifth day after the first flowering date(T5), while the intact plants without root cutting were taken as the control treament(CK). The results showed that root cutting (T4) at the suitable stage promoted the leaf growth, significantly improved the leaf area index (LAI) and functional leaf chlorophyll content, moreover, maintained a longer time of higher LAI and chlorophyll content until later growth stage, compared with CK and other treatments, .Root cutting (T1, T2) at the early stages caused low growth speed and LAI peak value. LAI decreased rapidly at the late growth stage. The chlorophyll content in the functional leaf of T1 and T2 treatment was higher than that of CK, but significantly lower than that of T4 treament. Root cutting (T5) at the later stage was unfavorable to the development of LAI and maintaining high chlorophyll content. under By root cutting at the optimum stage, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of functional leaves were higher, and the intercellular CO2 was lower compared to the other treatments, which significantly improved the photosynthetic efficiency of functional leaves. Under root cutting too early, there were low peak values of the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of functional leaves. At the same time, these photosynthetic characteristics of functional leaves dropped fast after the peak value, and decreasd to lower level at the late stage, except the intercellular CO2 maintaining at a high level all the time. Root cutting too late did not affect the leaf photosynthetic characteristics of peanut. Root cutting at the optimum stage increased pod number and weight per plant, and improved the productivity per plant, with the high pod yield and economic coefficient of peanut. The pod yield under the T4 treatment reached 4148 kg/hm2, which improved by 9.1% compared to CK. Pod number and weight per plant improved by 7.1% and 3.3% compared to CK, respectively. Root cutting at the early stages reduced the yield, moreover, the earlier root was cut the lower yield peanut reduced. Pod yield of peanut under T1 treatment reduced by 10.3%. Root cutting too late has the less influence on pod yield of peanut. It was concluded that root cutting on the twentieth day after the first flowering date can be used as a management practice of peanut cultivation. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Potential to improve N uptake and grain yield in water saving Ground Cover Rice Production System

The mechanism of the excessive vegetative growth of sweet potatoes and the varietal differences were observed from the viewpoints of the soil physical conditions and the ecological charcteristics of roots. The results obtained may be summarized as follows. 1. If the aeration be suppressed owing to the compact soil, it would show a decrease in the weight of tuberous roots and an increase in T/R ratio, thus resulting in the excessive vegetative growth of sweet potatoes. In this case the varietal differences were observed. Norin No. 1 was subject to the excessive vegetative growth more readily than Okinawa No. 100. 2. It was proved that such varietal differences have bearing upon the differences in the distribution and the weight of non-tuberous roots. Namely, the non-tuberous roots of Norin No. 1, as compared with those of Okinawa No. 100, intruded more readily into such soil condition which caused the excessive vegetative growth, thus showing an increased rate of distribution of nonteberous roots in that place. In the case of the variety which is likely to subject to the excessive vegetative growth, it showed such characteristics that the weight of non-tuberous roots was great, and the ratio between the weight of tuberous roots and the weight of non-tuberous ones was low, and it was observed that those characteristics had high correlation with the ratio between the weight of tuberous roots and the total weight of dry matter, and it was proved also that those characteristics have an effect on the distribution of the dry matter. 3. On the other hand, varietal differences were observed also in the thickening of tuberous roots. It was proved that since Norin No. 1 was affected more greatly by the bulk density of soil than in the case of Okinawa No. 100, the thickening of tuberous roots of Norin No. 1 was more liable to have restrictions than the latter owing to the compact soil.

Excessive vegetative growth in peanut can lead to decreased harvest efficiency. Peanut vegetative growth is often managed with the plant growth regulator prohexadione calcium. Although application of prohexadione calcium is recommended at 50% and 100% canopy closure (CC) as defined by lateral vines touching, research on the optimal application timing and rate has been minimal. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of prohexadione calcium application timing and rate based on percent canopy closure. Experiments were conducted at 6 different sites in Mississippi over 2 years. Treatments in 2020 included prohexadione calcium applied at 50% CC + one application at 100% CC (recommended by product label), two applications in one week at 100% CC, and three applications in one week at 100% CC. In 2020, all prohexadione calcium applications were made at 140 g a.i./ha. Treatments in 2021 included application timings at 50% and 100% CC and multiple application rates at each timing including 70 g a.i./ha, 140 g a.i./ha, and 280 g a.i./ha. Peanut response was evaluated based on pod weight after digging, pod count after digging, dry plant weight, pod loss, and peanut yield. Dry plant weight, pod loss, and pod weight were unaffected by prohexadione calcium application. Peanut yield ranged from 6200 kg/ha to 7300 kg/ha across years, locations, and prohexadione calcium treatments. Yields following all prohexadione calcium application timings and rates were similar to those following applications at the recommended timings and rate. With the exception of two applications in one week at 100% CC, yield response following prohexadione application was similar to that of the untreated check. Therefore, prohexadione calcium application timings and rates are likely more flexible than the labelled recommendation with respect to vegetation management; however, yield enhancement following application was inconsistent.

BackgroundNitrogen (N) supply directly impacts growth and quality in flue-cured tobacco. To decipher molecular responses to N gradients, we integrated transcriptomics and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) on leaves from four N treatments: 0 (inherent soil fertility), 60 (low), 105 (standard), and 150 kg/hm2 (high).ResultsPhenotypic analysis revealed dose-dependent increases in leaf nitrogen content with higher N application, accompanied by excessive vegetative growth and delayed maturity at 150 kg/hm2. Transcriptome sequencing identified 47,216 genes, with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) increasing linearly with N levels (1,458–2,147 DEGs). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment highlighted nitrogen metabolism pathways, yielding 14 DEGs (11 in assimilation, 3 in transport). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) uncovered two modules (lightcyan1 and black) strongly associated with N responses, harboring transcription factors NtERF11 (AP2/ERF), NtWRKY3 (WRKY), and NtSRM1 (MYB). Sub-network analysis within these modules identified five hub genes: NtGLN1-1, two uncharacterized genes, NtDFC, and NtGDSL. NtGDSL may enhance nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) through stress-responsive mechanisms, while NtDFC could integrate N signaling with developmental processes. These findings provide novel insights into N regulatory networks in flue-cured tobacco.ConclusionsThis study reveals the effects of nitrogen application rates on flue-cured tobacco growth and gene expression. By identifying key transcription factors and genes regulating nitrogen metabolism, it provides a theoretical basis for dissecting nitrogen regulatory mechanisms, optimizing fertilization strategies, and improving nitrogen use efficiency in tobacco production.

Availability of good quality water for agrarian purposes has become a major issue across the globe. Because of increasing demand from domestic and industrial sectors in most developing countries, irrigation water is becoming a scarce and expensive input for crop production in northwestern India. Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) production through flood irrigation not only wastes precious and limited water available but also leads to nutrient leaching, excessive vegetative growth, and delayed maturity. Drip irrigation coupled with fertigation holds a greater promise, specifically for the Indian state of Punjab, comprising the arid and semiarid zones of northwestern India, where brackish underground water renders it unfit for crop production. Hence, a field experiment was conducted to find a water and nitrogen (N) efficient fertigation treatment for <i>Bt</i> cotton for improving cotton productivity. The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized block design with combinations of three drip irrigation levels (0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 evapotranspiration [ETc]), three N fertigation levels (50%, 75%, and 100% of recommended dose of N [RDN], i.e., 75 kg N ha⁻¹), and an extra absolute control (surface flood irrigation with soil application of RDN). The highest seed cotton yield (SCY) of 2,294 kg ha⁻¹ was recorded with drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc, which was statistically on par with 1.0 ETc but significantly better than 0.6 ETc. Among N fertigation levels, 100% RDN recorded maximum SCY (2,308 kg ha⁻¹), which was on par with 75% RDN but significantly better than 50% RDN. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) decreased successively and significantly with increase in fertigation level; however, apparent water productivity (AWP) and water use efficiency (WUE) remained statistically on par between 75% and 100% RDN. WUE was significantly higher under drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc than 0.6 and 1.0 ETc; however, AWP was on par between 0.6 and 0.8 ETc. Combination of drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and 75% RDN recorded the highest SCY (2,428 kg ha⁻¹). Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc resulted in 7% higher consumptive use, saving 62.1% more irrigation water than absolute control. Furthermore, the combination of drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and 75% RDN recorded 31.2%, 22.6%, 74.9%, and 17.8% higher SCY, WUE, NUE, and benefit to cost ratio (B:C) than the absolute control, respectively. Thus, drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc with 75% RDN fertigation was more profitable, more N efficient, and more water efficient that the traditional practice of cotton cultivation in Indian Punjab.

Bottom-up participation in sustainability is challenging for improving socio-economic and environmental securities. This research was thus aimed to present evidence-based evaluation of implementing sustainable consumption and production (SCP) for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottle in Thailand, with emphasis on performances of the producers and the consumers in production and consumption life cycle management (LCM). Resource efficiency and impact reduction were the key indicators for evaluating producers’ performances in sustainable production (SP) and consumers’ performances in sustainable consumption (SC). The SP involved bottling system whereas use of the bottle, coupled with disposing of post-used bottle was assigned for the SC. Plant observations and in-depth interviews with survey transcript were conducted for two groups of producer: top brand and house brand, whereas a set of questionnaire was prepared for consumer samples. The top brands’ and house brands’ performances in four categories: corporate social responsibility (CSR), eco-design, 3 R and LCM, were examined to justify the SP. The analytical statistics of one-way ANOVA was used to interpret the SC variables consisting of demographic data, drinking water consumption and consumer’s agreement to the SC practice. The SP and SC results were transformed to a five-point scale for rating the SCP success. Three most prominent findings are that both producers and consumers moderately account for the SP and the SC, are likely to favor the resource efficiency over the impact reduction, and that the production and consumption LCM are highly potential for the SCP success. The research also reveals that the top brands consider CSR more important for the SP. Producers are challenging for improving water efficiency due to the lost-filled water in the open loop with adapting to the closed loop. On SC side, the consumers agree to fulfill the consumption efficiency by drinking up a whole bottle of water and reduce the impact by accompanying post-used bottle for solely disposing of them in a trash bin. The achieving outcomes are listing as (1) Matrix model bottom-up participation in SCP implementation, (2) Evidence-based case of sustainability in both environment and socio-economic development and (3) Good practice for LCM development. Finally, a bottom-up participation in SCP implementation shall be largely developed to ensure sustainability success in Thai context.

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is a crucial determinant of sustainable agricultural practices, particularly in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production, where it significantly impacts yield, environmental sustainability and farm profitability. NUE consists of two primary components: nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE uptake), which refers to the plant&#39;s capacity to absorb nitrogen from the soil and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE utilization), which is the effectiveness of converting absorbed nitrogen into crop biomass or tuber yield. While nitrogen is essential for optimal potato growth, inefficient nitrogen use leads to environmental problems such as nitrogen leaching, greenhouse gas emissions and soil degradation. This results in both economic losses and environmental harm. As nitrogen fertilizer costs rise, improving NUE is vital to reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers and enhance the environmental sustainability of potato farming. Various factors influence NUE, including genetic variation, environmental conditions and agronomic practices like fertilization methods, irrigation strategies and soil management techniques. Recent advancements in breeding for NUE and the integration of precision agriculture technologies, such as variable-rate fertilization and real-time monitoring systems, have demonstrated significant potential in optimizing nitrogen management. Additionally, strategies like integrated nutrient management, using organic amendments and incorporating biofertilizers have been found to improve nitrogen uptake and reduce nitrogen losses from the system. However, achieving high NUE in potatoes requires a holistic approach, encompassing improved plant breeding, better understanding of plant-soil-environment interactions and precision agronomy practices. This review explores the factors influencing NUE in potatoes, the challenges faced in optimizing nitrogen management and the promising opportunities for improvement through genetic advancements and modern agricultural technologies. By adopting integrated approaches, the potato industry can move towards more sustainable, efficient and profitable production, thus contributing to global food security and environmental conservation.

Maize is a critical crop for global food security, yet excessive nitrogen (N) application, while sustaining yields, leads to reduced nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and the application of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) is one of the effective options to achieve sustainable maize production while improving NUE. This study evaluated the long-term effects of CRF with varying N input rates on maize growth using low-cost UAV-RGB imaging. UAV-RGB images were captured in different growth stages, and the non-canopy background was removed using the maximum between-class algorithm (OTSU). Eleven vegetation indices were constructed from the images to analyze maize growth under different N treatments. The results indicated that a single application of CRF with an equivalent N input rate to conventional treatment yielded significantly better outcomes. The optimal controlled-release N ratio was 40% of the total N input, increasing maize yield by 6.73% and NUE by 15%. Indices such as NRI, NBI, ARVI, RGBVI, ExR, ExG, and ExGR effectively reflected plant N status, with R2 values exceeding 0.856 for yield estimation across growth stages. UAV-RGB imaging proved to be a viable method for rapid N status monitoring, aiding in the optimization of N management in maize production.

Assessing the influence of furrow width on growth and yield of soybean in ridge-furrow relay intercropping system with flax

Growth, photosynthesis and yield of soybean in ridge-furrow intercropping system of soybean and flax

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most crucial nutrients from production point of view regardless of the crop species. Being a key factor of crop production, N management is very essential. Large field variability of inherent soil N and difference in crop demand at different crop growth stages makes it difficult to manage . Besides, partial factor productivity of N is also declining day by day. Further, nitrogen requirement varies with crop, cultivar and climate. Therefore, optimum nitrogen application as per the crop demand becomes very important in crop production. Precise management of nitrogen reduces the loss of nitrogen via runoff, ammonia volatilization, and leaching along with improving nitrogen use efficiency. Real time nitrogen management is a need based application of nitrogen at right time and right amount for enhancing use efficiency by supplying the N at critical growth stages. Use of the leaf color chart (LCC) is one of the components of real time N management. The LCC is very simple, inexpensive, handy, and easy to use tool that compares leaf color with the color shades of the device. Farmers usually prefer dark color leaves, so they apply nitrogen irrespective of whether it is needed or not, an action that leads to contamination of surface and ground water as well as severe environmental hazards. With increasing fertilizer application soil health is also deteriorating which concern the sustainability of production. In that case, site specific nutrient management using leaf color chart is more viable option for small and marginal farmers.

Peanut production is being increasingly threatened by water stress with the context of global climate change. Film mulching have been reported to alleviate the adverse impact of drought on peanut. Lower phosphorus use efficiency is another key factor limiting peanut yield. Application of iron-modified and phosphorus-loaded biochar (BIP) has been validated to enhance phosphorus utilization efficiency in crops. However, whether combined effect of film mulching and BIP could increase water use efficiency and enhance peanut production through regulating soil properties and root morphologies needs further investigation. A two-year (2021-2022) pot experiment using a split-plot design was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphorus fertilizer substitution using BIP on soil properties, root morphology, pod yield, and water use of peanut under film mulching. The main plots were two mulching methods, including no mulching (M0) and film mulching (M1). The subplots were four combined applications of phosphorus fertilizer with BIP, including conventional phosphorus fertilizer rates (PCR) without BIP, P1C0; 3/4 PCR with 7.5 t ha-1 BIP, P2C1; 3/4 PCR with 15 t ha-1 BIP, P2C2; 2/3 PCR with 7.5 t ha-1 BIP, P3C1; 2/3 PCR with 15 t ha-1 BIP, P3C2. The results indicated that regardless of biochar amendments, compared with M0, M1 increased soil organic matter and root morphology of peanut at different growth stages in both years. In addition, M1 increased peanut yield and water use efficiency (WUE) by 18.8% and 51.6%, respectively, but decreased water consumption by 25.0%, compared to M0 (two-year average). Irrespective of film mulching, P2C1 increased length, surface area, and volume of peanut root at seedling by 16.7%, 17.7%, and 18.6%, at flowering by 6.6%, 19.9%, and 29.5%, at pod setting by 22.9%, 33.8%, and 37.3%, and at pod filling by 48.3%, 9.5%, and 38.2%, respectively (two-year average), increased soil pH and organic matter content during peanut growing season, and increased soil CEC at harvest. In general, the M1P2C1 treatment obtained the optimal root morphology, soil chemical properties, WUE, and peanut yield, which increased peanut yield by 33.2% compared to M0P1C0. In conclusion, the combination of film mulching with 7.5 t ha-1 BIP (M1P2C1) effectively improved soil chemical properties, enhanced root morphology of peanut, and ultimately increased peanut yield and WUE.

Efficient nitrogen (N) management is essential for sustaining crop productivity while minimizing environmental impacts associated with excessive fertilizer use. Variable-rate application (VRA) offers a precision-based approach to matching N inputs with crop demand, yet winter wheat responses to reduced N rates are still underexplored. This study evaluated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) performance under variable and uniform N application strategies using canopy greenness (NDVI), grain yield, plant N content, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and fertilizer costs as indicators. Reduced N treatments (40% and 60% VRA rates) were compared with a uniform (100%) application. Canopy greenness increased across all treatments over time, with NDVI values ranging from 0.855 early in the season to approximately 0.94 at later growth stages, and statistically significant among N rates (p &lt; 0.05). Grain yield was highest under the low N rate (1676.81 kg ha−1), although yield differences among treatments were not statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05). Similarly, plant N content varied slightly across treatments, ranging from 1.73% to 1.82%, with no significant differences. In contrast, NUE declined sharply with increasing N rates, decreasing from 71% under the lower rate to 28% under the uniform rate. Overall, variable-rate treatments used just over half the fertilizer input and cost of the uniform rate while supporting comparable yield and plant N status. These results prove that VRA can improve nitrogen efficiency and reduce input costs without compromising winter wheat productivity, supporting its practical value for sustainable fertilizer management.

Background: Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) holds significant importance as a staple food legume and a key economic crop, serving as a valuable source of edible oil and protein in India. However, its full yield potential is often hampered by excessive vegetative growth, which leads to suboptimal yields. With this background, a field experiment was conducted at the Perunthalaivar Kamaraj Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Puducherry during 2020 and 2021. The objective was to investigate the influence of different concentrations and timing of paclobutrazol (PBZ) application on the growth and yield of groundnut. Methods: The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications, six main plot treatments (Including PBZ concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 ppm and a control) and three sub-plot treatments (Involving single sprays at 30 days after emergence (DAE), single sprays at 50 DAE and double sprays at 30 and 50 DAE). Result: The results revealed that the application of paclobutrazol at different concentrations had a positive effect on reducing plant height during the later stages of growth, particularly when a double spray was applied at 30 and 50 DAE. Notably, the application of paclobutrazol at a concentration of 200 ppm in groundnut cultivation proved to be economically viable, resulting 29% increase in pod yield compared to the control group. Specifically, PBZ at 200 ppm, with a double spray, significantly boosted the total pod yield to 2724 kg ha-1. Furthermore, the correlation and regression analyses indicated a positive relationship between growth and yield.