Optimizing electric vehicle charging strategies using multi-layer perception-based spatio-temporal prediction of charging station load

This research study aims at examining the long-term trend of EV sales in Thailand, utilising the system dynamics (SD) modelling approach. This approach is commonly used to model complex systems with causal relationships among key factors within the system. The developed SD model consists of five key factors affecting electric vehicle (EV) sales, namely, the environment, economy, charging infrastructure, government support, and battery maintenance. The simulation results show the increase in EV sales by ten times in the next 20 years with implementation plans related to the five key factors. The government support factor is the most important in enhancing EV sales in the short term. Several government support plans should be initiated to attract more EV consumers, such as subsidies and tax reductions. The environment and charging infrastructure factors are crucial to increasing EV sales in the long term. The enforcement of the CO2tax and the provision of charging stations all around the country should be established to achieve a sustainable EV market in the long term. This research study contributes to the Thai government and automotive industry to better understand the complex relationships among key factors affecting EV sales. The related sectors may use the study results to plan for EV campaigns to promote the use of EVs and achieve a sustainable EV market.

Objectives: This study evaluates consumer attitudes toward different electrified vehicle variants compared to internal combustion engine vehicles, considering economic, environmental, and user-related decision criteria.Theoretical Framework:The study applies multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches, particularly the PROMETHEE method, to understand consumer preferences and the role of behavioral factors in electromobility adoption.Method:A quantitative research approach was employed, collecting data through a structured online questionnaire survey (N=1000). Respondents' preferences were analyzed using PROMETHEE ranking algorithms to assess their evaluations of electric, hybrid, and combustion vehicles. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that economic criteria, including purchase price and operating costs, play the most significant role in vehicle selection. Internal combustion engine vehicles received the highest preference, followed by MHEVs, BEVs, and PHEVs. Driving frequency and prior experience with electric vehicles significantly impact consumer attitudes, with more exposure leading to a more favorable view of electrified options.Research Implications:The study highlights the need for targeted marketing strategies that emphasize economic benefits and practical advantages of electric vehicles. Strategies such as test drives and consumer education may help shift preferences toward electromobility. Originality/Value:This research contributes to understanding consumer decision-making in emerging electromobility markets, offering insights for policymakers and automotive firms to design better incentives and marketing campaigns. The paper discusses one of the essential sustainability activities in the automotive industry, namely the production and sale of electric vehicles. Car makers are trying to meet this challenge but are facing consumer disinterest in these products. Researchers are racing to come up with suitable communication tools for electromobility, but the starting point is consumer behaviour and influences on the decision to buy an electric vehicle. Based on the data coming from the conducted survey, the preferences of various groups of drivers are explored, and the most suitable car type for them is assigned. The paper compares the results of the decision analysis with the intuitive evaluation obtained directly from drivers. The study results showed that for consumers deciding between an internal combustion engine car or an electric car, the purchase price of the car is still an important decision criterion.

A two-sided market platform analysis for the electric vehicle adoption: Firm strategies and policy design

Electric vehicles are an emerging and evolving technology that brings in remarkable environmental gains over conventional vehicles, contributing significantly towards a decrease in fossil fuel dependence. However, infiltrating into the existing automobile market requires huge investment in charging facilities and intricate planning to make it more approachable to the consumers. Identifying the crucial challenges and finding a solution has been a major hurdle to the manufacturers. While various non-government agencies and government policies are urging both consumers and manufacturers to adopt electric mobility, many industries remain unguided. The paper aims to identify, study, and rank 12 of these influential challenges faced by the manufacturers based on their impact on enhancing the manufacturing and sales of electric vehicles in India using the triangular fuzzy number (TFN) method. Results obtained reveal that inadequate charging infrastructure is one of the biggest hurdles.

Does air pollution stimulate electric vehicle sales? Empirical evidence from twenty major cities in China

There has been significant EV sales growth in Europe, benefiting from its policies for promoting electric vehicles (EVs) and investments in manufacturing. This study investigates the investment announcements for EV and battery production announced by manufacturers and compares them to four scenarios with different EV penetration levels in Europe. This study projects the required capacities and estimates the investment needs to meet different EV sale targets in each scenario. The investigations show that, for Europe to achieve 60% new EV sales by 2030 and to be on track for 100% by 2035, its 4.8 million planned production capacity of EVs would fall short of the needed 9.2 million in 2030. The gap could close to 2.0 million when tentative announcements are counted. The results for batteries indicate that tentative plans are adequate and firm plans can satisfy most scenarios by 2030. More investments into EV production, along with policy support and incentives, are needed for more rapid scenarios.

Emerging evidence for the impact of Electric Vehicle sales on childhood asthma: Can ZEV mandates help?

An optimized nonlinear time-varying grey Bernoulli model and its application in forecasting the stock and sales of electric vehicles

The automotive industry has established itself as a key sector for the development of economies and nations. The production and sale of vehicles worldwide has shown nearly constant growth, with temporary and insignificant declines caused by significant events (World War II, the 1974 oil crisis). The dynamics of the past decade have put the sector to a serious test in some key manufacturing countries. The aim of this publication is to examine some of the main reasons for the crisis symptoms observed in certain European manufacturers. The focus is primarily on German brands. Attention is given to the production of electric vehicles. A comparative approach and statistical data have been used. The main factors influencing the production and sale of electric vehicles have been identified.Symptoms of an emerging crisis in the largest German manufacturers have been noted.Summarized observations regarding the negative impact of some external and internal factors have been made. The conclusions point to unthought-out and inadequate policies,technologies, standards, energy sources, markets, management, and organizational models.Some perspectives for overcoming the problems have been presented. Directions for future research in specific areas crucial for the electric vehicle sector are outlined.

As the concept of low-carbon travel gradually takes root in the public's mind, the production and sales of electric vehicles are steadily climbing, and due to the limited service life of electric vehicle power batteries, they will be gradually eliminated and replaced. Enhancing the recycling infrastructure for used electric vehicle batteries and developing a systematic and efficient reverse logistics framework is crucial for advancing the sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and operational efficiency within the electric vehicle sector. This paper firstly analyses the direct collection battery recycling mode of the manufacturer, and on this basis, constructs the optimization model of the reverse logistics network of used batteries, as well as the dual objective optimisation model of total network cost minimisation and carbon emission minimisation. Finally, based on relevant data from C Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Company, an example analysis is carried out to derive its optimal solution for the reverse logistics network of used batteries for electric vehicles in Beijing. The research in this paper has a positive effect on reducing the reverse logistics costs of related enterprises and reducing environmental pollution, thus helping to realize the green ecological development of the electric vehicles industry.

Electric vehicle development in China: A charging behavior and power sector supply balance analysis

The article discusses the features and reasons for the development of electric vehicles in the context of intensifying globalization processes and limited resources. It is substantiated that motorization is a key factor in the development of developed countries. Therefore, the presence of a competitive and well-functioning automotive market is an important condition for successful economic growth. The experience of foreign countries in stimulating the production and consumption of electric vehicles has been studied. Current trends in the development of the global electric vehicle market have been analyzed. It has been found that more than a third of the global market (over 36%) of electric vehicles is occupied by three manufacturers: BYD, Tesla and Volkswagen. An analysis of the global electric vehicle market by country shows that three countries are the leaders in electric vehicle sales: China, Europe, and the United States. It has been observed that China is ahead of other leading countries in terms of electric vehicle consumption, and the following companies have the greatest demand for electric vehicles in its market: BYD, SAIC and Tesla. Chinese manufacturers are showing faster growth rates in electric vehicle production than leading American and European companies. The article classifies the problems of development of the global market for electric vehicles: the global energy crisis, shortage of resource components for electric vehicles, the Covid-19 pandemic, uneven development of countries, institutional factors. Taking into account current global development trends, we conclude that the global electric vehicle market will develop at a rapid pace, effectively solving the problems hindering the growth of electric vehicle production. It has been substantiated that Ukraine has the potential to produce electric vehicles. Using the latest Industry 4.0 technologies and research and production potential, Ukraine can produce cars of a new generation, since developments in this area do not stop. Based on the graphic of the Ukrainian alphabet «Ruthenia», a sample trademark for the national electric vehicle has been developed and proposed. It has been established that this graphic most closely matches the functions and requirements of developing a national trademark. The proposed trademark reflects the features of the national manufacturer, indicates the latest technologies and will attract the attention of consumers.

According to the public data of each country, the production and sales of electric vehicles have grown rapidly, especially after 2018. As for China, in 2014 the government polished some policies to let pure electric vehicles appear on the market as a commodity, and now China has the biggest potential market for electric vehicles. Therefore, this article aims to explore the causal factors that may influence the willingness of Chinese people to buy electric vehicles based on existing literature and data. Case comparison and analysis were chosen as the research methods. This study analyzed the sales data and prices of two chief electric car brands: Tesla and BYD, all around the world in 2021 and 2022. The results of the data analysis show that the factors influencing Chinese consumers to purchase new energy electric vehicles include basic factors such as price and sales. In addition, national policy support is also at play.

This study examines the rapid growth of the global electric vehicle (EV) market, with a focus on India. In FY2022, 455,733 EV units were sold, while India's Ministry of Road Transport and Highways reported that 1,334,385 electric vehicles were on Indian roads as of July 2022. The number of EVs is expected to rise, driven by the efforts of central and state governments, as well as private sector players, to promote electrification on Indian roads. EVs are gaining global attention for their role in reducing emissions and conserving natural resources. In India, the EV market saw a significant 168% year-over-year increase in 2021, with nearly 0.32 million vehicles sold. The adoption of electric vehicles in India supports the Paris Agreement's goals of reducing carbon emissions, improving air quality in urban areas, and decreasing oil imports. Uttar Pradesh led the EV market in 2021 with 66,704 units sold, followed by Karnataka with 33,302 units and Tamil Nadu with 30,036 units. Uttar Pradesh dominated the three-wheeler segment, while Karnataka and Maharashtra led in the two- wheeler and four-wheeler segments, respectively. This study aims to analyze the growth, production, and sales of electric vehicles in India, using secondary data for analysis.

Electric Vehicles (EV) are highly beneficial due to their reliance on electricity and Climate Change response yet EV sales are lower than would be expected due to range anxiety. If a potential buyer cannot be assured of having constantly-available and compatible charging stations, they will not purchase an EV. To increase the sales of EVs through improved charger availability, this paper examines parking configurations, charger design, convenient “EV only” parking, free charging, etiquette in unplugging another’s vehicle, and legislation. Data were derived from academic publications, trade market press, conversations, personal observations, and laws. The results show that chargers are often in a lot’s corner and thus accessible only to one vehicle, EV owners leave their charged car in the space, drivers use EV spaces for parking, etiquette cards are not understood, and legislation makes it illegal to unplug another’s EV. Improvements include less convenient charger spots, an octopus charger in the middle of the parking lot, modest charging fees to foster turnover, chargers that indicate an EV is charged, education and legislation about etiquette cards, and legislation that allows an individual to unplug another’s charged EV. Improvements to charging should be implemented simultaneously to lessen range anxiety and realize the environmental benefits from reductions in gasoline consumption and mobile source air pollution.