Optimizing amoxicillin photodegradation with GO/TiO₂ nanocomposites via RSM, ANN, and ANFIS

Current research aims to conserve natural resources, especially water. Our study focuses on developing water purification to remove contaminating antibiotics using heterogeneous photo-catalysis. We compare photolysis with and without TiO2 catalysis, testing the photo-stability of four representative antibiotics: Amoxicillin, streptomycin, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin by HPLC using a Perkin Elmer 2000 chromatograph, BIO-RAD Bio-sil ODS-5S L 250 mm × 4 mm ID C18 reversed phase column and Perkin Elmer LC-90 UV detector. Both obeyed first order reaction kinetics, usually following the Lagmuir-Hinshelwood model. A respirometric biosensor was employed to assess the toxicity of drug solutions and photo-degradation products. We demonstrate that catalysis consistently decreases toxicity more effectively in all cases. The photo-degradation of ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin took longer.

Photodegradation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution under simulated irradiation: influencing factors and mechanisms

The development of photocatalysts with wastewater management has drawn the attention of many scientists. This research investigates the enhancement activity of TiO2 photocatalyst codoped with N and Cu from urea and electroplating wastewater respectively as sources, for photodegradation of amoxicillin (AMX) residual in water media. The synthesis of codoped TiO2 photocatalyst has been done through sol-gel process to determine the optimal concentration for each single dopant of Cu and N based on the highest band gap energy (E g) narrowing and their performance in photodegradation of AMX. The synthesized photocatalysts are investigated by material characterization. The effect of the double dopants on the photocatalyst activity was examined through photodegradation of AMX. The optimum N and Cu dopant concentrations were 30 and 0.60 wt %, giving E g values of 2.88 and 2.93 eV, respectively. This ratio is used to synthesize the codoping photocatalyst that significantly reduces E g in 2.74 eV with AMX photodegradation reaching 95.76%. This dwindling of band gap energy in codoping photocatalyst could be widely applied in visible light exposure for the photodegradation of AMX having 20 mg/L in 50 mL over TiO2-N,Cu (30:0.6 wt %) using 1 g/L of the photocatalyst dose, solution pH 5, and 120 min irradiation time.

Herein, the photo degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) was thoroughly investigated using Pt and Bi co-doped TiO2 photocatalysts under visible-light irradiation.

Effect of Zn doping on physico-chemical properties of cobalt ferrite for the photodegradation of amoxicillin and deactivation of E. coli

Degradation of amoxicillin residue under visible light over TiO2 doped with Cr prepared from tannery wastewater

Heterogeneous photoinduced degradation of amoxicillin by Goethite under artificial and natural irradiation

Activated carbon (AC) supported with titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped with nitrogen (N) and cerium (Ce), denoted as AC/TiO2 doped N-Ce was synthesized for adsorption and photodegradation of amoxicillin (AMX) antibiotic. Photocatalyst was prepared using sol-gel approach assisted by microwave irradiation.30 experiment runs were generated for photocatalyst production and optimized via Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology (CCD-RSM) with observation of four types of variable parameters. The experimental variables consisted of the quantities of urea (N) (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖: 0.02–0.20 g), amount of cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate (Ce) (𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗: 0.02–0.20 g), amount of AC (𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘: 0.10 –0.50 g), and microwave power (𝑥𝑥𝑙𝑙: 600–800 W). The analysis revealed that AC/TiO2 doped N-Ce photocatalyst, which was prepared with 0.50 g AC, 0.02 g N, and 0.20 g Ce, and activated with microwave power 600 W in 15 min, achieved a 93.6% AMX removal under UV light irradiation. The photocatalyst was initially subjected to a concentration of 10 mg L-1 at 30 °Cfor a duration of 60 min.

Photodegradation of amoxicillin by catalyzed Fe3+/H2O2 process

This experiment investigated the degradation of amoxicillin in water using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and UV Irradiation. The parameters analyzed included the initial concentration of amoxicillin, the pH of the solution, and the quantity of H2O2 used. These factors were examined to assess the effectiveness of the photodegradation process. No degradation of amoxicillin was observed in the dark during stirring for 20 min. The investigation demonstrated successful photodegradation of amoxicillin using H2O2 as an oxidant in the presence of UV Irradiation. The pH of the irradiated solution significantly influenced the degradation of amoxicillin, with minimal degradation at acidic pH and a gradual increase as the pH shifted towards more basic conditions. Degradation was more pronounced with higher concentrations of H2O2, while it decreased as the concentration of amoxicillin in the reacting solution increased. Complete degradation was achieved using 3 mL of H2O2. The experimental data were well-fitted to zero-order reaction kinetics. The findings of this investigation show significant improvements compared to previously reported results in the field of photocatalysis using nanomaterials and photolysis techniques involving UV and H2O2. The novelty of our research is in the different experimental parameters used for the UV/H2O2 photolysis process, which distinguishes it from other previous investigations. The UV/H2O2 system proved highly effective in the photodegradation of amoxicillin, making it a viable option for degrading other organic pollutants commonly found in industrial wastewater.

Hybrid polymer aerogels containing porphyrins as catalysts for efficient photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in water

A novel visible-light-driven In-based MOF/graphene oxide composite photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity toward the degradation of amoxicillin

We report on the preparation and characterization of a cost-effective, durable, and reusable macrocomposite, prepared in the form of pellets and designed for the photodegradation of water pollutants, using amoxicillin (AMX) as a model compound. Using the wet impregnation method, kaolin clay and TiO2-P25 composites were doped with copper (Cu2+) and cobalt (Co2+). The produced materials were characterized by SEM-EDS, XRD, XRF, textural property analysis, and their potential lixiviation of components by ICP-MS. The photodegradation efficiency under solar irradiation was evaluated by varying the acidity of the medium, the concentration of AMX, and the amount of catalyst. The performance of the recycled photocatalysts was also studied. The photodegradation of AMX was monitored by UV-Vis and UV-Vis/HPLC spectrophotometry. The optimal formulations, Cu (0.1%)/TiO2 and Co (0.1%)/TiO2, achieved up to 95% degradation of 5 mg·L-1 AMX in 3 h at pH 5.9, with a catalyst loading of 1 g·L-1. The Cu-doped material showed a slightly faster reaction rate and higher total-organic-carbon removal (80.4%) compared to the Co-doped material (59%) under identical conditions. The same photodegradation intermediates were identified by LC-MS/MS for both doped macrocomposites, and a reaction mechanism is proposed. These macrocomposites showed efficient and consistent recyclability over more than five reuse cycles, showing their potential to be used for antibiotic pollution abatement in water-treatment facilities.

Graphene (GNP)-filled polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) nanocomposites (NCs) were prepared using a facile casting method. Nanocomposites were fully identified through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy which confirms some interactions between PMMA and GNP layers lead to a reduction in nanocomposite crystallinity. In this work, the impact of graphene on the optical, electrical characteristics and photocatalytic activity of PMMA polymeric matrix. The rapid increase in absorbance values was observed in the UV-region was linked to the optical transitions of GNP electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. Both the bandgaps (E and E ) have been reduced with graphene addition. The calculated Urbach’s Band tail has been increased with GNP content. With the enhanced frequency and GNP contents, the AC electrical conductivity tends to rise. A 1.665 wt% GNP/PMMA exhibits the most effective activity in amoxicillin photodegradation under visible radiation at 30 min due to decrease electron–hole recombination. The kinetics of the photodegradation process was investigated. The GNP/PMMA nanocomposites are a promising candidate in electronic, optoelectrical and environmental applications.

Amoxicillin photodegradation under visible light catalyzed by metal-free carbon nitride: An investigation of the influence of the structural defects