Abstract
Terahertz frequency photonic-crystal quantum cascade lasers allow directional and controllable surface emission while at the same time functioning efficiently well above liquid nitrogen temperature. Through an in-depth understanding of the mechanism underlying surface emission, we demonstrate optimized devices with significantly reduced absolute threshold currents. We are able to reduce the device surface area by more than a factor of two, while maintaining angularly narrow, single-lobed surface emission with a divergence of ≈10°×10°. The devices emit at ∼2.8–2.9 THz, with maximum operating temperatures in the range 80–150 K.
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