Optimized in vitro assessment of ZrO2–CaO/PMMA hybrid biocomposite with multi-walled carbon nanotube reinforcement for enhanced bone reconstruction

Abstract

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are integrated into a poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) biocomposite, stabilized with calcium oxide (CaO). This research aims to pave the way for further optimization of the biocomposite for targeted applications in bone tissue engineering. The incorporation of MWCNTs is intended to enhance the mechanical properties and bioactivity of the composite, making it a suitable candidate for bone reconstruction. Comprehensive analyses were conducted using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to characterize the structural and chemical changes in the biocomposite during immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). These analyses revealed a significant formation of a robust apatite layer on the composite surface after three days of immersion. Notably, the rate of apatite formation accelerated with the incorporation of MWCNTs, indicating an enhancement in the bioactivity of the composite. The study findings demonstrate that an MWCNT-reinforced PMMA/ZrO2–CaO composite exhibits excellent biocompatibility, as well as accelerated bioactivity. These properties are crucial for bone tissue engineering applications, where materials must integrate seamlessly with natural bone and support new bone formation. The results confirm the potential of this advanced biocomposite as a promising biomaterial for bone replacement procedures, offering improved performance over traditional materials.