Optimization of Rotation Speed, Disc Diameter, and Lighting Time in Batik Waste Treatment Using Rotary Algae Biofilm Reactor (RABR) with Ulva sp.

Batik is an industry that is quite popular in Indonesia. Batik has been declared as one of Indonesia’s cultural heritage and is recognized by UNESCO. Batik production is recorded to always increase every year. Unfortunately, the batik industry in Indonesia is dominated by many small industries with limited fund management. This makes the environmental aspects and waste disposal neglected. Through this research, study and isolation were carried out to explore the potential of indigenous bacterial isolates that can biodegrade dyes in batik along with other physical parameters of waste. A sample that contained wastewater and sediment from batik industry are collected and cultured in 1000 ml Busnall Hass medium which olive oil-enriched and put at the shaker condition at 150 rpm until 6 days at 30°C. Identification of the isolates examined for their morphological, physiological and biochemistry test. Bacillus subtilis is one of the indigenous isolates from this research. This study aimed to determine the ability of B. subtilis to reduce BOD, COD, TSS, and pH in batik waste and present the results of the DNA analysis of B. subtilis. Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the molecular identification of bacteria through analysis of the 16S rDNA gene fragment sequence, the bacteria that play a role in the degradation of dyes is Bacillus subtilis strain NAP1 with an average similarity level of 93%. B. subtilis NAP1. B. subtilis NAP1 isolate offers the potential for future bioremediation of batik wastewater.

The tofu industries in Indonesia produce a considerable amount of liquid waste. Most of these tofu industries do not treat waste properly. Liquid waste is channeled directly to the nearest water stream, and thus the values of COD, BOD and TSS are considerably high, which can damage the aquatic ecosystems. According to the Indonesian government rule (Permen LH no.5/2014), the maximum levels of COD, BOD and TSS are 300 mg/L, 150 mg/L, and 200 mg/L. One of alternative methods to reduce these three parameters is the ozonation method. Ozone is able to break down organic components well because of its strong oxidative properties (2.07 mV) and it can decompose into OH radicals which have stronger oxidative properties (2.80 mV). The objectives of this study are to reduce the levels of COD, BOD and TSS of tofu liquid waste into below of the maximum level set by the Indonesian government rule and to study the effect of pH conditions on the effectiveness of ozonation process. Ozonation is carried out under conditions at acidic pH, alkaline pH, and neutral pH, and with a waste concentration of 10%. Ozonation is done by flowing ozone directly into the waste for 120 minutes with an interval of 30 minutes. The levels of BOD, COD, and TSS before ozonation were 1,200 mg/L, 880 mg/L and 600 mg/L. After ozonation, it was found that the levels of COD, BOD and TSS of the waste without any pre-treatment (or acidic condition) was able to be reduced by 46.6%, 44.5% and 41.6%, respectively. Whereas, in neutral conditions the decreases of COD, BOD, and TSS were about 64.3%, 67.0%, and 62.4%, respectively. Optimum ozonation was found in alkaline conditions with the decreases in COD, BOD, and TSS values were about 85.4%, 84%, and 100%, respectively.

Batik is one of Indonesia’s original cultural heritages. In Indonesia, the batik industry is the largest home-based textile industry. This industry consumes a large amount of water. Due to the unavailability of a wastewater treatment plant, most batik producers dispose of the wastewater directly into the river, resulting in extensive water pollution. Some pollutants, such as color, phenol, and sulfide, have the potential to pollute the environment. Wastewater treatment is needed to improve water quality and meet the specific safety requirements of wastewater after treatment. Among physical and chemical methods, biological treatment has advantages such as being more economical and environmentally friendly. In this study, biological treatment using immobilized Bacillus lincheniformis on bentonite mineral was investigated. The concentration of color, phenol, and sulfide in mini wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was measured before (influent) and after treatment (effluent) as daily parameter. The results showed that the highest phenol removal efficiency value reached 100%, and the overall concentration of effluent met the Indonesian quality standard. However, some sulfide concentrations in the effluent did not meet the quality standard, even though the highest removal efficiency value reached 93%. The value of color decolorization efficiency was reached at 68%. Those results indicate that consortium immobilized Bacillus lincheniformis on bentonite minerals and microorganisms from batik waste can be used as a promising method to treat batik wastewater.

Untreated wastewater of Batik industry can pollute the environment because it contains metal compound, COD, BOD, which are higher than the allowable values. Therefore, a treatment of this wastewater prior discharging to water stream (i.e. river) is very important. This research aims to investigate the use of Teak sawdust as activated carbon, and also the effect of adsorbent concentration, adsorption contact time, as well as coagulation-flocculation-adsorption sequencing process to the level of COD, BOD, and Zn in Batik wastewater. The Batik wastewater used for this research obtained from Batik industry in Rembang, which mostly used naphtol as the coloring agent. The wastewater was initially treated by coagulation-flocculation process, followed by adsorption process. The coagulant-flocculant used in this research was 1 g/L of alum and 3 g/L of lime. Whereas, the adsorbent used was activated carbon made from Teak sawdust with variation of concentrations: 10, 16, 23, and 26 g/L. Whereas, the adsorption contact times were 20, 40, 100, 160, and 220 minutes. The results showed that the coagulation-flocculation process was able to decrease the levels of COD, BOD, and Zn by 73.28%, 73.62%, and 79.21% respectively. Additionally, the adsorption process by activated carbon also further decreased the levels of COD, BOD, and Zn significantly. Based on the results, the optimum concentration of activated that gave the best result was 26 g/L with 220 minutes contact time. Overall, the combination of coagulation-flocculation and adsorption sequencing process was able to decrease the level of COD, BOD, and Zn up to 96.69%, 96.90%, and 91.90% respectively.

Batik coloring waste contains heavy metal chromium (Cr), and other components such as, Sulfide (S2-), Ammonia (NH3), phenol and oil-fat. The Batik industries are generally classified as small and medium enterprises, which usually do not process their waste. The aim of this study was to observe the ability of Aspergillus sp. 3 to reduce the concentration of Cr, sulfide, ammonia, phenol, and oil-fat component from batik wastewater. The selected fungus, Aspergillus sp. 3 was isolated from batik waste. Based on previous study, selected fungus, Aspergillus sp. 3 was able to decolorize and remediate Indigosol Blue batik wastewater. Potato dextrose broth medium was used for growing the mycelium. Reduction process was occurred with omitted of medium (formed mycelium-supplemented the batik wastewater). Based on experiments, Aspergillus sp. 3 was able to reduce 89.09%, 83.05%, 56.37%, 48.48%, 95.09%, 32.56, 39.28 and 38.15% of Cr sulfide, NH3, phenol and total oil-fat concentration, respectively. Aspergillus sp. 3 had potential application in bioremediation of water polluted by batik wastewater.

Wastewater from the batik industry in Bogor City is the most waste produced from the dyeing process. The batik industry produces waste with concentrated color due to the high concentration of color content from the dyeing process. This affects water bodies as a direct disposal site for waste. Batik waste also has the potential to contain heavy metal compounds derived from the composition of dyes. This will have an impact on the disruption of the balance in the environment around the industry. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize batik wastewater to determine the pollutant content. This research aims to characterize the batik industry wastewater in the city of Bogor by measuring the levels of COD, BOD, TSS, pH, temperature, total chromium content, total phenol content, and sulfide content according to the parameters P.16/MENLKH/SETJEN /KUM.1/4/2019. The results showed the characteristics of the wastewater from the batik industry in Bogor City with levels of COD in dyeing waste at 797 mg/L and total waste at 52463 mg/L, BOD levels in dyeing waste at 431 mg/L, and total waste at 238 mg/L. TSS in the dyeing waste is 706.5 mg/L and the total waste is 3679 mg/L, the temperature in the dyeing waste is 26.9 °C and the total waste is 26.3°C, pH in staining waste at 1.62 and total waste at 6.82; the total chromium content in the staining waste was 2.62 mg/L and the total waste was 940.2 mg/L, the total phenol content and sulfide content in the dyeing waste and total waste was not detected. The characteristics of batik waste are not by the established quality standards, so there is a need for processing before the waste is discharged into the environment.

To investigate the difference between two-dimensionally measured disc diameters (DDs) based on fundus images and three-dimensionally measured DDs based on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). The DDs were three-dimensionally measured on EDI-OCT images of optic nerve heads and two-dimensionally measured on near-infrared reflectance fundus images in 90 normal eyes of 90 subjects. Disc rotation around sagittal axis was defined as the angle between maximal DD and vertical axis. Disc rotation around horizontal and vertical axes was defined as cosine of DD on fundus images divided by DD on EDI-OCT images. Mean optic disc rotation around vertical axis was 14.4 ± 9.3°, rotation around sagittal axis was 23.0 ± 21.3°, and rotation around horizontal axis was 4.7 ± 6.6°. Horizontal, vertical, minimal, and maximal DDs as measured three-dimensionally were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those measured two-dimensionally. Difference between three-dimensional and two-dimensional measurement of horizontal DD and vertical DD was associated with axial length (r = 0.38; P < 0.001, and r = 0.23; P = 0.03, respectively). Difference between three-dimensional and two-dimensional measurements was larger (P < 0.001) for horizontal DD (69.6 ± 68.1 μm) than for vertical DD (14.8 ± 25.6 μm). Correspondingly, the ratio of maximal-to-minimal DD (ovality index) was significantly larger (P < 0.001) for two-dimensional (1.33 ± 0.21) than for three-dimensional (1.27 ± 0.16) measurements. Two-dimensional measurement of DDs leads to falsely low results, more for horizontal DD than for vertical DD. The discrepancy between low two-dimensional compared to three-dimensional disc measurements increases with longer axial length. The angle of disc rotation around vertical and horizontal axes can be measured with EDI-OCT imaging.

Batik industry in Indonesia increased, so that the impact result from the production process in the form of wastewater is increasing. Wastewater disposal after staining and washing process without processing will improve environmental contamination such as TSS, COD and color levels. The problems of batik wastewater contamination can be resolved by treatment of wastewater in chemistry and physics. One way batik wastewater treatment are coagulation, sedimentation and filtration. Filtration media are used as filter media is activated charcoal, quartz sand and zeolite. The purpose of this research to determine the effect of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration variation method to decreased levels of TSS, COD and color in the wastewater of batik. The type of this research was a true experiment with pre-test post-test group design. Samples of this research were batik wastewater with levels of TSS, COD and color are 818 mg/ l, 1133,57 mg/ l and 100 TCU. Data analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The result after treatment of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration variety occurs decreased levels of TSS, COD and color on filtration variation of activated charcoal and quartz sand, respectively for 99,8%, 99,49% and 99,6%, variation of the zeolite filtration and activated charcoal was, 99,6%, 92,31% and 99,5%, and variations in zeolite filtration and quartz sand was 99,7%, 89,92% and 99,3%. Based on the statistical test using ANOVA test on the TSS levels were obtained p= 0,190, while the COD were obtained value of p= 0,008 and the value of color was p= 0,017. The methods of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration variation using activated charcoal, quartz sand and zeolite can reduce TSS, COD and color levels. There is no difference between the variation of filtration to decrease levels of TSS, while there is a difference between the variation filtration to decreased levels of effluent COD and color Batik.

The existence of the textile industry, especially in batik production in the region, will certainly provide benefits to the area, because it can absorb labor from the area. However, where there are advantages, there will also be disadvantages, as is the case in this textile factory where the liquid waste produced has a negative impact on the environment. This liquid waste comes from the washing and coloring process which contains dyes, heavy metals, and high salt concentrations. This study examines batik waste from a textile factory using the electrocoagulation method with aluminum electrodes. Research on batik wastewater treatment has been carried out. The results of this study prove that the electrode distance and stirring speed variables affect the COD reduction efficiency and TSS reduction in batik waste. In general, the higher the stirring speed and the closer the electrode spacing, the higher the TSS and COD reduction efficiency. There is an optimal point for stirring speed, where the highest reduction in TSS and COD efficiency is obtained at a stirring speed of 200 rpm. From the variables studied, the optimal value for both variables was obtained, namely at the electrode distance of 1.6 and at a stirring speed of 200 rpm, with the result that the efficiency value obtained was a decrease in COD of 89.39% and a decrease in TSS of 90.45 %.

The existence of the textile industry, especially in batik production in the region, will certainly provide benefits to the area, because it can absorb labor from the area. However, where there are advantages, there will also be disadvantages, as is the case in this textile factory where the liquid waste produced has a negative impact on the environment. This liquid waste comes from the washing and coloring process which contains dyes, heavy metals, and high salt concentrations. This study examines batik waste from a textile factory using the electrocoagulation method with aluminum electrodes. Research on batik wastewater treatment has been carried out. The results of this study prove that the electrode distance and stirring speed variables affect the COD reduction efficiency and TSS reduction in batik waste. In general, the higher the stirring speed and the closer the electrode spacing, the higher the TSS and COD reduction efficiency. There is an optimal point for stirring speed, where the highest reduction in TSS and COD efficiency is obtained at a stirring speed of 200 rpm. From the variables studied, the optimal value for both variables was obtained, namely at the electrode distance of 1.6 and at a stirring speed of 200 rpm, with the result that the efficiency value obtained was a decrease in COD of 89.39% and a decrease in TSS of 90.45 %.

In batik production, reactive dyes such as remazol, indigosol, naphtol and rapid are used in the dying process. Batik wastewater contains high level of reactive dyes, wax and sodium salts and is characterized with high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) as well as high concentration of phenol and Ammonia. Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration Membrane (MEUF) is one of promising technology to separate low molecular weight substances such as dyes. The MEUF process involves combination of ultrafiltration membrane and surfactant at concentration higher than surfactant’s Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). This technique combines high selectivity of reverse osmosis membrane and high flux of ultrafiltration membrane but with lower pressure. Ultrafiltration of batik waste water without surfactant (UF) and with addition of surfactant (MEUF) were studied in order to compare the performance of both systems. The Batik wastewater were obtained from batik industry in Semarang and Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride at concentration of 2 and 4 times of its CMC were used. Flatsheet ultrafiltration membrane was made from Polyethersulphone (12% w/w), N-methyl Pyrrolidone (83% w/w) and Polyethylene Glycol (5% w/w). The performance of the UF and MEUF were evaluated based on flux profiles and rejections (COD, TSS, concentration of Ammonia). The results showed that the MEUF had superior performance than the UF. Concentration of COD, TSS, phenol and ammonia were reduced significantly. The rejection of COD were 92.74% and 94.15%. Moreover, the MEUF was capable to reduce the TSS with the rejection of 86.26% and 65%. The concentration of ammonia in permeate were 0.43 ppm and below 0.01 ppm.

Background: Bengkulu has besurek batik handicrafts with rafflesia motifs. Betungan Village is one of the areas for making besurek batik in Bengkulu City. Besurek batik here is made using the chemical dyes Naptol, Remasol and Indigasol. Batik waste water is dumped in the gutter so it is dangerous for the environment. Method: The type of research is Qualitative Descriptive. The data collection method was interviews with the Head of Bengkulu City DLH, the head of Santi Batik, members of Santi Batik, residents of Betungan Village and documentation. The research location was in Betungan Batik Village, Selebar District, Bengkulu City. Held for 1 month (March 27 – April 27). Result: The batik waste water service does not distribute it to storage tanks, waste water collection cannot be carried out because processing facilities are not yet available. There is no processing of batik waste water such as storage, absorption, filtering, settling and disposal. Besurek batik craftsmen have not implemented waste water management in accordance with PUPR Ministerial Decree 04 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of a Domestic Waste Water Management System. DLH Bengkulu City collaborated with the Betungan Village Youth Organization to create a miniature wastewater treatment plant. DLH is tasked with providing permits, guidance and supervision. The monitoring of Santi batik waste carried out by DLH is still lacking, it was scheduled to be carried out every 2 months, but this was not achieved. Conclusion: Batik waste water services that are not channeled to storage tanks, without waste water treatment facilities, mean that no waste water treatment can be carried out. Keywords: Service, Collection, Liquid Waste Processing

The World’s electricity consumption continues to increase as the shift from conventional products to electronic products weight the electricity burden in every state. Besides that, power outagesinhibitsocial and industrial activities as the last one occurred in Jabodetabek, August 2019. In this research it is pointed out that the composite of batik waste, charcoals, bilimbi, and tamarinds wrapped in aluminium foil is able to generate 0.5-volt electrical voltage per unit. Experiment method is used in this research by involving 13 samples with different compositions to yield a stable electrical voltage. The most stable one is derived from the composition of charcoal, bilimbi, and tamarind with the addition of batik waste water, which generated 0.5volt electrical voltage per unit. In order to verify the generated voltage, an electrical circuit with 7-unit structure was made and examined to a 3-volt flip-flop lamp circuit. To further develop this prototype in a bigger scale, therefore, the supports from various parties are needed for the sake of a continuous research, so that it can give rise to society’s interest to develop environmentally-friendly products and to provide solutions for batik waste water problem that takes place in Sentra Industry Batik, Laweyan, Surakarta that tends to be disposed vainly.

The existence of the batik industry is economically enough to provide a great livelihood for the community. The increasing demand of batik by the community has an impact on the growth of the batik industries in various regions in Indonesia. However, this industrial activity has a negative impact in production of liquid waste disposal. In batik production process, the liquid waste was produced by more than 95% which is emitted from process of soaking, heating and rinsing. Liquid waste has the potential to cause environmental pollution and affect the condition of living organism, including humans. One of efforts to reduce pollutants in batik waste water is by using biodegradation. Biodegradation is usually carried out by a consortium of a number of microbes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of microbes for batik waste water degradation. Samples were taken from water and sludge contaminated batik waste water in the sewerage and river at Banyumas. Isolation and purification using the dilution planting method were conducted, to obtain pure culture using the pour plate technique, and maintenance of bacteria using streak culture. About 8 genus of microbes found in water bodies that have been contaminated by batik waste water are Mesophilobacter, Methylococcus, Agrobaacterium, Neisseria, Xantobacter, Deinococcus, Sporosarcina, and Bacillus. The result showed that BOD degradation in batik waste water by microbial consortium was about 85.71%. Regarding on the result, it can be concluded that bacteria found in the sewerage and river were able to degrade pollutant from batik wastewater.

In this study, we developed of utilization of Pb and PbO2 from lead storage battery waste for batik wastewater treatment using electrochemical method. This research aimed to degrade batik wastewater with direct oxidation in the electrolysis cell. Degradation has been done by electrolysis of 50 mL batik waste using Na2SO4 as electrolyte with various concentrations and voltages. The electrolysis result were analyzed by Spectrophotometer UV-Visible. The result showed that PbO2/Pb electrode from lead storage battery waste has high effect for electrochemical degradation of batik wastewater. Based on UV-Visible spectrum showed that the optimum several of electrolyte concentration and voltage for degradation batik waste was 0.4 M and 9 V, respectively. As conclusions, Pb and PbO2 from lead storage battery waste can be used for electrode for batik wastewater treatment using the electrochemical method.