OPTIMIZATION OF MUSTIKA COMMON CARP CULTURE TO INCREASE FISH FARMERS’ INCOME IN BANGKINANG, KAMPAR: A PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Genetic diversity of the common carp black strain population based on mtDNA (D-loop and cytb)

Polymorphism of the mitochondrial cyt b gene was examined in 35 individuals of common carp and wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The fish examined represented two natural populations from Khabarovsk krai (Ac and Am), Volga wild common carp, Don wild common carp, and two common carp breeds, Ropsha (strains BB and MM) common carp and Hungarian common carp. The highest level of nucleotide (pi) and haplotype (h) diversity was detected in two strains of Ropsha common carp (MM, pi = 0.67%, h = 0.7; and BB, pi = 0.21%, h = 0.9) and in one population (Am) of Amur wild common carp (pi = 0.26%; h = 0.6). The second population of Amur wild common carp (Ac) and Hungarian common carp were characterized by lower variation estimates (pi = 0.035%, h = 0.4; and pi = 0.09%, h = 0.7, respectively). Genetic homogeneity was demonstrated for the populations of Volga and Don wild common carp (pi = 0, h = 0). In the sample of the cyt b sequences examined, three lineages were identified. Lineages I and II united all haplotypes of the Am Amur wild common carp along with two haplotypes of Ropsha common carp, strain MM. The third lineage (III) was formed by the haplotypes of three individuals of Ropsha common carp strain MM, all representatives of Ropsha common carp strain BB, Hungarian common carp, Ac Amur wild common carp, and Don and Volga wild common carps. Statistically significant amino acid differences were observed only for the sequences, corresponding to haplotypes of lineage III, and the sum of sequences of lineages I and II. Effectiveness of different types of markers to differentiate the two subspecies of European and Amur wild common carp (C. c. carpio and C. c. haematopterus) is discussed, as well as the issues of the origin and dispersal of Russian common carp and wild common carp breeds.

This study aims to analyze the factors that affect income levels, estimate economic value, analyze financial feasibility and study alternative policies for the development of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) cultivation in floating net cages in an effort to develop fishery potential in Koto Panjang Hydroelectric Reservoir, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. The sampling location is determined based on (purposive sampling). The method used in this research is a survey method. Determination of the population in the study using the Census method. Factors that significantly influence the income of goldfish cultivators (Cyprinus carpio) at the real level α = 5% are the yield (HP) kg / unit and the number of cages (JK) unit. The surplus value of goldfish cultivation producers (Cyprinus carpio) is IDR 42,102,269,258.00 / year. The results of the analysis of the financial feasibility value (NPV) of Rp. 77,136,617.10, - / unit for the volume of cages 6 x 6 x 4. Whereas for the volume of cages 6 x 8 x 4, it has a value (NPV) which is much greater than Rp. . 173,394,632.39, - / unit. The second value (NPV) is positive based on the criteria for a feasible business investment if the value (Net B / C) is greater than 1, the value (IRR) is the same as 12.00% for both cage size categories. The sensitivity analysis shows that the cultivation of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) KJA in the Koto Panjang Hydroelectric Power Plant is more sensitive to changes in decreased production compared to changes in decreasing price of carp feed (Cyprinus carpio). Based on the Exponential Comparative Analysis (MPE), it is found that the best alternative development policies to be developed and implemented are capital strengthening and improvement of facilities and infrastructure related to fish cultivation development.

Objective We sought to assess the effects of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio and Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus incentivized ­commercial harvest on seasonal survival from 2017 to 2021 and several additional demographic indices at 5-, 10-, and 20-year timescales. Methods We implemented a live–dead capture–mark–recapture study from 2017 to 2021 for Common Carp and Bigmouth Buffalo across seven natural, shallow lakes of northwestern Iowa to estimate annual recapture rates and survival related to estimated exploitation. We then compared Common Carp and Bigmouth Buffalo size distribution, condition, growth rate and maximum length, length at age 3, maximum observed age, and catch per unit effort to long-term harvest at 5-, 10-, and 20-year timescales. Results Common Carp and Bigmouth Buffalo summer survival was higher than winter survival that declined with increasing harvest after exploitation reached 15%; Common Carp and Bigmouth Buffalo relative abundance declined and Common Carp size structure increased, whereas Bigmouth Buffalo growth rates decreased, as harvest increased over 5-, 10-, and 20-year timescales. Conclusions While commercial harvest may represent additive mortality in short timescales and reduce relative abundance, Common Carp and Bigmouth Buffalo populations showed resiliency in other demographic metrics of growth, age distribution, condition, and recruitment. Incentivized harvest did not achieve goals of reducing Common Carp and Bigmouth Buffalo abundance, and low estimated exploitation (i.e., <10%) led to compensatory mortality in both species. Consequently, higher harvest and supplemental population management is likely necessary to control Common Carp and Bigmouth Buffalo populations.

Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Bigmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) are widespread across the Midwest where they can achieve high population densities in shallow lakes. At high densities, invasive Common Carp have been associated with a wide array of deleterious effects on water quality as well as sportfish communities. Bigmouth Buffalo are a long-lived native species that are potentially vulnerable to exploitation in parts of their range but are largely understudied. However, Buffalo are generally not valued by recreational anglers and are capable of reaching high densities in some systems where they could potentially affect water quality as a top-down control. Despite their contrasting statuses as invasive and endemic, both species are commonly managed together through commercial fishing contracts for the purpose of improving water quality. Reducing high density Common Carp and Bigmouth Buffalo populations are often important components of shallow lake renovation management, but a variety of knowledge gaps on data collection limit the effectiveness of monitoring efforts for these species. Population estimates are an integral component of managing fish populations, but they are often avoided due to the time and effort required to produce population estimates and pervading uncertainty and imprecision of estimates. However, since biologists often manage Common Carp and Bigmouth Buffalo populations for suppression below biomass thresholds, methods to efficiently estimate population abundance are needed to assess the success of harvest programs. Commercial fishers harvest large numbers of fish that could improve population estimates with less effort from biologists. However, relying on fishery-dependent data where reporting rate is imperfect introduces bias, potentially negating the benefit of additional recaptures. Yet, how population estimates from fishery-dependent and independent data sources compare is unknown. We conducted mark-recapture sampling for Common Carp and Bigmouth Buffalo in seven northwest Iowa lakes by boat electrofishing and recorded fish captured in commercial seines. Using these data sources, we compared the precision of two closed-population mark-recapture population estimates: Schnabel estimates using fishery-independent (electrofishing) data only and Lincoln-Petersen estimates using fishery-independent and fishery-dependent (commercial harvest) data. Fishery-dependent estimates were more precise for Bigmouth Buffalo while producing similarly precise estimates for Common Carp. As a result, adopting techniques to estimate abundance with harvest data may reduce sampling effort without sacrificing precision, offering a more efficient alternative to labor-intensive Schnabel estimates. When population estimates cannot be conducted, monitoring shifts in catch rates and size structure can provide indirect information on population responses to management and environmental changes. However, seasonal sampling variability is poorly understood for Common Carp and Bigmouth Buffalo, potentially complicating attempts to track changes in populations among years. To address this issue, we compared Common Carp and Bigmouth Buffalo boat electrofishing catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and proportional size distribution (PSD) data from May through October 2018-2020. Common Carp CPUE peaked in June and July and declined across the summer to a low in October. Bigmouth Buffalo CPUE values exhibited a bimodal distribution, with peaks in May and October, with the lowest catches occurring between June and August. Common Carp size structure was variable among months, with the largest size structure observed during October and the smallest size structure observed in July. Bigmouth Buffalo size structure was less variable, but size structure in June was significantly smaller than size structure observed in all other months. Our results show electrofishing CPUE and size structure data for these species varies significantly throughout the year, indicating standardizing the timing of sampling is important for tracking interannual changes in populations. Combined, our results will improve population monitoring of these understudied species that will enhance the ability of biologists to evaluate population changes and set appropriate management objectives to promote water quality renovation efforts in shallow lakes.

Weber MJ, Brown ML, Willis DW. Spatial variability of common carp populations in relation to lake morphology and physicochemical parameters in the upper Midwest United States. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 555–565. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract – Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widespread invasive species that is tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions. Despite the circumpolar distribution of the species, limited information is available describing factors related to spatial variation in population characteristics. Eighty‐four lakes and impoundments in the upper Midwest United States were sampled to investigate the relationships of common carp relative abundance with size structure, condition and growth rates. We also investigated abiotic factors (lake morphology, physical solids and water quality) that may broadly influence common carp populations. Common carp size structure and condition were inversely related to relative abundance. Common carp relative abundance increased and size structure shifted to smaller individuals with increased lake depth, whereas lake surface area, watershed:surface area ratio and physical solids were also important in explaining common carp abundance and size structure. Common carp condition was best explained by water quality parameters and increased with metrics of lake productivity. We conclude that knowledge of factors associated with variation in common carp populations among lakes provides insights into the autecology and broad provisions for management of this generalist invasive species.

The Common Carp Cyprinus carpio is one of the most common freshwater fish invaders worldwide, creating adverse effects on water quality and impacting ecosystem structure and function. To assess how Common Carp impact food web dynamics, we compared the trophic dynamics of Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides in three lakes containing Common Carp populations with the trophic dynamics in three lakes without Common Carp. All six lakes were located in eastern South Dakota. Stable isotope analysis was used to estimate trophic positions and indicate energy sources utilized by adult and age‐0 fish. Additionally, diets of age‐0 Bluegills were analyzed to assess whether Common Carp were inhibiting ontogenetic diet shifts, and bomb calorimetry was used to evaluate differences in energy density of age‐0 fish prior to winter. Age‐0 fish and adult Bluegills derived significantly more energy from pelagic sources in the systems populated with Common Carp. Adult Bluegills in Common Carp systems remained at a relatively constant trophic position across their entire size range, whereas in non–Common Carp systems, the trophic positions of adult Bluegills tended to increase with size. Even though age‐0 fish relied more heavily on pelagic‐derived energy in the systems with Common Carp, significant differences were not observed in the autumn energy densities of age‐0 fish or in the age‐0 Bluegills’ diet. Given our results, Common Carp are unlikely to impact overwinter survival of age‐0 fish in these shallow systems. The present study illustrates the value of using stable isotopes for food web investigations and demonstrates that Common Carp do alter trophic dynamics of other fishes in the systems they invade, but responses differ depending upon the species and life stage.Received February 11, 2016; accepted November 28, 2016 Published online February 21, 2017

Koto Panjang Reservoir is one of the hydroelectric power plants in Indonesia, located in Kampar Regency, Riau Province. This paper aims to determine the water quality and tropic status of the Koto Panjang Reservoir. The research was carried out along the Koto Panjang Reservoir, covering the floating net cages area, inlet, outlet, and the center of the reservoir. Water samples were collected twice a year, February and September 2017. The results showed that the water quality of Koto Panjang reservoir is still within the tolerance range for the aquatic organisms' life, including fish. Based on the TSI analysis, the Koto Panjang Reservoir throphic status was categorized as eutrophic to heavy eutrophic. This study recommends that relocating floating net cages is necessary so that the nutrient load will not only be concentrated in one location. The efficiency of using the feed for floating net cages could minimize the waste.

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is known as introduced fish on some lakes in Indonesia and included in herbivore fish. The common carp population in Lake is the dominant number, so that it’s become at of fishing target. Estimation of some parameters of common carp population in Lake Paniai was aimed to evaluate the growth parameters, mortality, the fishing rate and recruitment pattern. Collecting and measuring the fish sample was done in the period from February to October 2016 by using the fishing gear of gill nets with mesh sizes of 1.00 - 4.50 inches. The results showed that common carp population in Lake Paniai was dominated by individual lengths between 15-25 cm with a frequency of 55.78%, the growth pattern of male fish was allometric (-) and females were isometric. Asymptotic length (L∞) = 61.43 cm and the growth coefficient (K) = 0.32 per year. The rate of natural mortality (M) = 0.65 per year, the fishing mortality rate (F) = 0.52 per year, the total mortality rate (Z) = 1.17 per year and the exploitation rate (E) = 0.44. The exploitation rate of common carp fish was still below the optimum value, thus an attempt to catch this fish, could be still improved. Common carp populations caught by mostly fishermen have had a chance to spawning thus common carp fish population in the lake was estimated to still be preserved and could be utilized in a sustainably. Peak recruitment occurred only once in a year, namely in June.

Semah fish (Tor tambroides, Bleeker 1854) is one of the asian endemic fish species that have high economic value. Living from this semah fish inhabits the upper reaches of the river, one of which is the upper reaches of the right upper Kampar river, which is located in Koto Kampar Hulu District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. From the data and information obtained, the presence of the number of semah fish in the Kampar river continues to experience a decrease in population. The decline in the population of this semah fish is thought to be due to changes in the ecological conditions of this semah fish habitat. This study aims to analyze ecological aspects, namely in the form of physico-chemical factors of water quality of the Kampar Kanan Hulu River in Bandur Picak village as a habitat for semah fish. Water sampling was carried out in the waters of the Kampar Hulu Kanan River, Bandur Picak Village, Koto Kampar Hulu District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. This study used a survey method where data was taken directly to the location using in situ and exsitu analysis to explain the characteristics of the semah fish habitat. Data analysis was carried out descriptively. The results of this study showed in measuring water quality with the results of physical parameters, including: temperature of 24—26 °C, current speed of 0,44—0.5 m/s, depth of 0.95—2.3 m, and brightness of 0,44—0.5 m, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 6—11 mg/l, Total Suspended Solid (TDS) 28.2—37.6 ppm. As for the chemical parameters, the water quality is as follows: DO 7,2—8 ppm, pH 6, CO2 7.99 ppm, Total Posphat 0.15—0.17 ppm, Total Nitrogen 1.28—1.46 mg/l and NH3 0.11—0.14 ppm.

Genetic diversity of common carp in Vietnam using direct sequencing and SSCP analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region

Original objectives and revisions-The proposed research included these original objectives: field validation of diagnostic tests (PCR), the development and evaluation of new sensitive tools (LC-PCR/TaqManPCR, antibody detection by ELISA) including their use to study the ecology and the epidemiology of KHV (virus distribution in the environment and native cyprinids) and the carrier status of fish exposed experimentally or naturally to KHV (sites of virus replication and potential persistence or latency). In the course of the study we completed the genome sequence of KHV and developed a DNA array to study the expression of KHV genes in different conditions. Background to the topics-Mass mortality of koi or common carp has been observed in Israel, USA, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have reduced exports of koi from Israel and have created fear about production, import, and movements of koi and have raised concerns about potential impacts on native cyprinid populations in the U.S.A. Major conclusions-A suite of new diagnostic tools was developed that included 3 PCR assays for detection of KHV DNA in cell culture and fish tissues and an ELISA assay capable of detecting anti-KHV antibodies in the serum of koi and common carp. The TKPCR assay developed during the grant has become an internationally accepted gold standard for detection of viral DNA. Additionally, the ELISA developed for detecting serum anti-KHV antibodies is now in wide use as a major nonlethal screening tool for evaluating virus status of koi and common carp populations. Real time PCR assays have been able to detect viral DNA in the internal organs of survivors of natural and wild type vaccine exposures at 1 and 10³ genome equivalents at 7 months after exposure. In addition, vaccinated fish were able to transmit the virus to naive fish. Potential control utilizing hybrids of goldfish and common carp for production demonstrated they were considerably more resistant than pure common carp or koi to both KHV (CyHV-3). There was no evidence that goldfish or other tested endemic cyprinids species were susceptible to KHV. The complete genomic sequencing of 3 strains from Japan, the USA, and Israel revealed a 295 kbp genome containing a 22 kbp terminal direct repeat encoding clear gene homologs to other fish herpesviruses in the family Herpesviridae. The genome encodes156 unique protein-coding genes, eight of which are duplicated in the terminal repeat. Four to seven genes are fragmented and the loss of these genes may be associated with the high virulence of the virus. Viral gene expression was studies by a newly developed chip which has allowed verification of transcription of most all hypothetical genes (ORFs) as well as their kinetics. Implications, both scientific and agricultural- The results from this study have immediate application for the control and management of KHV. The proposal provides elements key to disease management with improved diagnostic tools. Studies on the ecology of the virus also provide insights into management of the virus at the farms that farmers will be able to apply immediately to reduce risks of infections. Lastly, critical issues that surround present procedures used to create “resistant fish” must be be resolved (e.g. carriers, risks, etc.). Currently stamping out may be effective in eradicating the disease. The emerging disease caused by KHV continues to spread. With the economic importance of koi and carp and the vast international movements of koi for the hobby, this disease has the potential for even further spread. The results from our studies form a critical component of a comprehensive program to curtail this emerging pathogen at the local, regional and international levels.

The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an important aquaculture fish worldwide but only limited single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are characterized from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in this species. In this study, 1487 putative SNPs were bioinformatically mined from 14,066 online ESTs mainly from the European common carp, with the occurrence rate of about one SNP every 173 bp. One hundred and twenty-one of these SNPs were selected for validation using PCR fragment sequencing, and 48 out of 81 primers could amplify the expected fragments in the Chinese common carp genome. Only 26 (21.5%) putative SNPs were validated, however, 508 new SNPs and 68 indels were identified. The ratios of transitions to transversions were 1.77 for exon SNPs and 1.05 for intron SNPs. All the 23 SNPs selected for population tests were polymorphic, with the observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranging from 0.053 to 0.526 (mean 0.262), polymorphism information content (PIC) from 0.095 to 0.357 (mean 0.246), and 21 SNPs were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These results suggest that different common carp populations with geographic isolation have significant genetic variation at the SNP level, and these new EST-SNP markers are readily available for genetics and breeding studies in common carp.

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an important valuable cyprinid in China and has been a popular cultured aquaculture species around the globe. Understanding the genetic diversity of wild native common carp not only provides basic data for the protection and utilisation of common carp resources but also assesses the effect of human activities on the genetic diversity of this species. In this study, genetic diversity and population structure of the common carp from 15 sampling populations in the Pearl River and Nandujiang River were determined using a coalescent mitochondrial locus (MLS), including mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cytb) and a control region (D-loop) segment. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.962 and 0.00628 in the Pearl River and 0.808 and 0.00376 in the Nandujiang River, respectively. Phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses indicated that three sub-species (a) C. c. rubrofuscus, (b) C. c. haematopterus and (c) C. c. carpio all occur in both rivers. AMOVA revealed that the variation within populations (86.2%) was the main source of the total variation. Statistically significant genetic differentiation among different Pearl River populations of C. c. rubrofuscus (Fst = 0.05-0.25) and relatively high genetic differentiation between the Nandujiang River population and the Pearl River populations (Fst > 0.238) are apparent. Bayesian clustering analyses detected that global populations consisted of eight genetic clusters and examined that Nandujiang River population included relatively pure genetic clusters. Neutrality tests suggested that native populations experienced recent population expansion, and Extended Bayesian Skyline Plot indicated that the common carp populations likely experienced a historical expansion during 0.125-0.250MYA. Artificial fish propagation and release, escape from fish farms and Fang Sheng may explain the invasion of non-native sub-species in many river sections, such as Laibin, Rongjiang, Huizhou, Heyuan and Zhaoqing. To conserve the native common carp populations, release station should be established to culture native common carp fry. Overall, the findings can be contributed to complementing scientific knowledge for conservation and management of the wild native common carp.

Common carp Cyprinus carpio is a widespread invasive species that can become highly abundant and have deleterious ecosystem effects. Thus, aquatic resource managers are interested in controlling common carp populations, but control is difficult, in part, because of the inherent uncertainty as to how populations respond to exploitation. To better understand this response, we evaluated the population dynamics (recruitment, growth, and mortality) of common carp in three natural lakes in eastern South Dakota. Common carp exhibited similar population dynamics across these three systems, which were characterized by consistent recruitment (ages 3–15 being present), fast growth (K = 0.37–0.59), and low mortality (A = 1–7%). We then modeled the effects of commercial exploitation on size structure, abundance, and egg production to determine its utility as a management tool to control populations. All three populations responded similarly to exploitation simulations in which a 575-mm length restriction represented commercial gear selectivity. Simulated common carp size structure declined modestly (9–37%) in all simulations. The abundance of common carp declined dramatically (28–56% of starting levels) at low levels of exploitation (0–20%), but exploitation greater than 40% had little additive effect, the final populations only being reduced 49–79% despite high exploitation (>90%). At a moderate level of exploitation (40%), maximum lifetime egg production was reduced to 77–89% of starting levels, indicating the potential for recruitment overfishing. Exploitation further reduced common carp size structure, abundance, and egg production when simulations were not size selective. Our results provide insights into the ways in which common carp populations may respond to exploitation. Although commercial exploitation may be able to partially control populations, an integrated removal approach that removes all sizes of common carp has a greater chance of controlling population abundance and reducing the perturbations induced by this invasive species. Received July 23, 2010; accepted January 6, 2011