Optimisation of seed germination and seedling cultivation conditions for Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Acanthus ilicifolius in a plant factory

对珠海鹤洲水道沿岸围垦湿地的4个红树人工林（包括老鼠簕<em>Acanthus ilicifolius</em>、木榄<em>Bruguiera gymnorrhiza</em>、秋茄<em>Kandelia candel</em>和无瓣海桑<em>Sonneratia apetala</em>）样地和2个挺水植被样地（短叶茳芏<em>Cyperus malaccensis</em> var. <em>brevifolius</em>和芦苇<em>Phragmites australis</em>）的大型底栖动物群落进行为期1a的生物调查。利用大型多元分析软件Primer 5的等级聚类分析CLUSTER（基于Bray-Curtis相似性矩阵）和非参数多变量标序NMDS分析大型底栖动物的群落结构，鹤州北围垦湿地6种生境下大型底栖动物在非相似度55%的条件下被划分为3组（组1：短叶茳芏-老鼠簕-木榄组合；组2：无瓣海桑组合；组3：秋茄-芦苇组合）。组1栖息地其大型底栖动物以谭氏泥蟹（<em>Ilyrplax deschampsi</em>）和多毛类为主，其中老鼠簕样地大型底栖动物物种数目（19种）、物种丰富度（<em>d</em>=1.93±0.11）和多样性指数（<em>H’</em>=1.51±0.13）均为全部6种生境最高；短叶茳芏样地的栖息密度（（254.67±156.81）个/m²）在6种生境中最高。组2栖息地其大型底栖动物以攀援型螺类和无齿螳臂相手蟹（<em>Chiromantes dehaani</em>）为主，生物量（（32.06±19.62）g/m²）在6种生境中最高，物种丰富度（<em>d</em>=1.28±0.45）和多样性指数（<em>H’</em>=1.04±0.27）居中。组3栖息地其大型底栖动物以麦克碟尾虫（<em>Discapseudes mackiei</em>）和多毛类为主，物种数、栖息密度、生物量和多样性指数均较低。SIMPER相似性百分比分析显示对群落划分起重要作用的物种主要为各个生境的优势物种。使用典范对应分析（CCA）对大型底栖动物分布与盐度、深度和温度3个环境因子的关系进行深入分析，并利用蒙特卡罗置换检验（Monte Carlo Permutation Test）鉴定环境因子的显著水平，其中盐度（<em>P</em> < 0.05）和深度（<em>P</em> < 0.05）与大型底栖动物分布差异显著相关，温度（<em>P</em> > 0.05）无显著相关。研究结果表明：不同生境大型底栖动物优势物种存在差异；盐度和深度是影响鹤州北围垦湿地大型底栖动物群落结构最重要的环境因子；围垦区人工湿地与自然滩涂大型底栖动物群落结构差异显著。;Macrobenthic communities were sampled four times over a one year period between December 2010 and September 2011 at six different sites in North Hezhou, Zhuhai, China. The six sites comprised four restored mangrove forest habitats (each dominated by a different mangrove species: <em>Acanthus ilicifolius</em>, <em>Bruguiera gymnorrhiza</em>, <em>Kandelia candel</em> and <em>Sonneratia apetala</em>) and two diked wetland habitats, one of which was composed of <em>Cyperus malaccensis </em>var. <em>brevifolius</em>, and the other <em>Phragmites australis</em>. In total, 35 macrobenthic species were recorded during the study. The dominant taxa recorded were crustaceans (10 taxa) and polychaetes (7 taxa). The number of species recorded at a single site varied from 7 (<em>Kandelia candel</em> habitat) to 19 (<em>Acanthus ilicifolius</em> habitat). Hierarchical clustering (based on the Bray-Curtis similarity index) combined with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS); implemented in PRIMER 5 under the condition of 55% non-similarity), was used to classify sampling sites into three groups based on their macrobenthic fauna. Group 1 comprised <em>Cyperus malaccensis </em>var. <em>brevifolius, Acanthus ilicifolius</em>, and <em>Bruguiera gymnorrhiza </em>habitats; Group 2 comprised the <em>Sonneratia apetala</em> habitat; while Group 3 comprised <em>Kandelia candel</em> and <em>Phragmites australis</em> habitat. However, species composition was similar across all three groups, because <em>Discapseudes mackiei </em>was abundant at all six habitats. The highest number of species (19), highest Margalef index (<em>d</em> = 1.93±0.11), and highest species diversity (Shannon-wiener index, <em>H'</em> = 1.51±0.13)were recorded at the <em>Acanthus ilicifolius </em>habitat, where crustaceans, mainly <em>Ilyrplax deschampsi</em>, were the dominant group recorded. Macrobenthos density was highest at the <em>Cyperus malaccensis </em>var. <em>brevifolius </em>habitat (254.67±156.81) ind./m², while macrobenthos biomass was highest at the <em>Sonneratia apetala</em> habitat (32.06±19.62) g/m²). Interestingly, the faunal community structure at the <em>Sonneratia apetala</em> habitat differed significantly to the other habitats, as it was dominated by climbing species, such as <em>Chiromantes dehaani</em> and <em>Pythia cecillei</em>. <em>Discapseudes mackiei </em>and polychaetes were the dominant species within<em> Kandelia candel </em>and<em> Phragmites australis </em>habitats. Overall, macrobenthos species richness, density, biomass and species diversity were low within all six habitats. We also classified macrobenthic community structure based on functional feeding groups (FFGs) and life form analyses. Results showed that the omnivorous functional feeding group and below-surface life forms were abundant at all habitats within the North Hezhou tidal flat. Similarity percentages analysis (SIMPER) showed that the species that differentiated the macrobenthic communities of different habitats were the dominant species in each habitat. The results of a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that macrobenthic communities changed significantly with depth (Monte Carlo permutation test: <em>P</em> < 0.05) and salinity (<em>P</em> < 0.05), but not with temperature (<em>P</em> > 0.05). The findings of this study suggest that macrobenthic communities differ structurally between the diked wetland habitats and the natural tidal flat habitats, with the highest densities and biomasses of macrobenthos occurring at habitats close to the tidal gate. Our results further reveal significant differences in the dominant species of macrobenthos occurring in different habitats. Furthermore, our results show that environmental variables, such as depth and salinity, are the most important factors affecting macrobenthic communities in the North Hezhou tidal flat.

Influence of irradiance, dissolved nutrients and salinity on the colour and nutritional characteristics of Gracilariopsis longissima (Rhodophyta)

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 深圳湾福田红树林群落演替 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201212271885 作者: 作者单位: 深圳大学生命科学学院,深圳大学生命科学学院,深圳大学生命科学学院,广东内伶仃福田国家级自然保护区管理局,深圳海洋环境监测站,深圳大学生命科学学院,深圳大学生命科学学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家海洋公益性行业科研专项项目资助（200905009）；国家自然科学基金项目（31170491） Succession of a mangrove forest in Futian, Shenzhen Bay Author: Affiliation: College of Life Sciences,Shenzhen University,,College of Life Sciences,Shenzhen University,,,College of Life Sciences,Shenzhen University,College of Life Sciences,Shenzhen University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:对深圳湾福田凤塘河红树林演替过程中的群落结构、物种组成、多样性变化及演替趋势的研究结果表明：（1）演替各阶段群落均由秋茄（Kandelia candel）、木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）、桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）、白骨壤（Avicennia marina）及老鼠簕（Acanthus ilicifolius） 5个种类组成。（2） 演替早期（4 a）群落高度增长较快，之后继续保持较快增长，至17 a时趋于稳定，之后增长速度缓慢。（3）4 a和17 a的群落立木级均分布在Ⅱ级-Ⅳ级，56 a和73 a的群落立木均达到最高级Ⅴ级，该两群落立木在Ⅱ级-Ⅴ级均有分布。（4）随着演替的进展，除了73 a群落盖度较56 a群落稍有下降外，其它演替群落盖度逐渐增加；群落胸高断面积表现出与盖度一致的变化趋势；群落个体密度则逐渐下降；群落物种多样性和均匀度不断提高，群落优势度则逐渐下降；群落相似性系数的变化表明在演替过程中群落物种组成结构没有发生明显变化。（5）群落变化及演替为：秋茄+桐花树群落→秋茄群落→白骨壤+秋茄群落→白骨壤群落。 Abstract:The community structure, species composition, species diversity and succession trend of a mangrove forest in Futian, Shenzhen Bay, China were analysed. Results showed that (1) All the 4-age mangrove communities of the succession process were consisted of Kandelia candel, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Acanthus ilicifolius ; (2) The community grew rapidly at early succession stage (4a), and kept a fast rate until 17a when its height gradually came to a stable stage, after then it grew very slowly; (3) The community's stand class increased rapidly and came to the 4th stand class at 4a community, but it arrived at the highest stand class (the 5th stand class) until 56a. So the 4a and 17a communities were distributed in the 2nd to the 4th stand classes, while the 56a and 73a communities were distributed in the 2nd to the 5th stand classes. (4) With the process of succession, the coverage of community increased gradually except that 73a was lower than that of 56a, and the same succession pattern of breast height was observed, while the density declined gradually with succession. The species diversity and community evenness increased gradually, whereas the ecological dominance declined with succession. The similarity of the community showed that there was no significant changes in community species composition during the succession. (5) The changes and succession trend of the community was: Community of K. candel, A. corniculatum→ Community of K. candel → Community of A. marina, K. candel→Community of A. marina. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

The early growth of seven species of true mangroves representing all the categories relevant to viviparity (i.e. true viviparous species, crypto viviparous species and non-viviparous species) and including pairs of species which are closely related as well as species commonly used in replanting, was studied in response to two contrasting salinity regimes, low saline (i. e. 3-5 ppt) and high saline (i.e. 25-27 ppt). Growth performance of the seven species (i.e. Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. sexangula, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Sonneratia caseolaris) in terms of plant dry weight, Relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area and shoot height was assessed. The percentage water content of plants under the two salinity levels was also assessed. Performances of all the aspects of A. marina under the low saline and high saline conditions were not significantly different implying that this species has the highest salinity tolerance among the seven species. S. caseolaris did not survive under high saline conditions proving that it is the lowest in salinity tolerance. The performances of the other five species were in between these two ends, and showed considerable variation. The RGR of each of A. officinalis, B. gymnorrhiza, B. sexagula and R. apiculata was significantly lower under high saline conditions, with reductions in growth compared with low salinity conditions of 51%, 40%, 64% and 32% respectively. By considering variations in the performance of all the factors assessed, it was possible to arrange the seven species in descending order of salinity tolerance as A. marina > R. mucronata > B. gymnorriza and R. apiculata > A. officinalis, and B. sexangula > S. caseolaris, showing that even taxonomically similar species may be distant in salinity tolerance. The percentage water content of the least saline tolerant mangrove species, i.e. A. officinalis, B. sexangula, Rhizophora apiculata, was higher when they were grown under low saline conditions, implying that species with less tolerance to salinity may opportunistically absorb and keep more water when the salinity is low. As salinity of the habitat appears to be a primary factor controlling the survival and growth of seedlings planted, these interspecific variations in salinity tolerance of species should be taken into consideration in mangrove replanting.

Plant factory is a kind of efficient agriculture system, through high-precision computer control system, it brings plants suitable temperature, humidity, illumination and concentrations of carbon dioxide. LED light system based on red and blue light has already been applied into plant factory, aiming at providing suitable illumination for plants. To avoid the harm of blue ray to human eyes and skin, we provides a kind of light system for plant factory based on LED with blue, red and green light. The system adopts STM32 as the main control chip, and uses the PWM technology to regulate the LED light intensity. The system has two modes, manual operation mode and plant growth mode, it can switch its working mode automatically. The key difference between these two modes is the existence of blue ray. Since blue ray does harm to human eyes and skin, when people expose to the working environment, the system will turn to manual operation mode which weakens blue ray. At other times, system will go on the plant growth mode. The system can also detect the environmental parameters and adjust the required illumination parameters to fit plant growth in different life cycle. Furthermore, ZIGBEE technique has been used as network connection solution for large plant factory. From the experiments we have conducted, our system achieved satisfying performance, it realizes safety production of the LED light system for plant factory.

Low salinity influences the dose-dependent transcriptomic responses of oysters to cadmium

Growth and physiological responses of two mangrove species (Kandelia candel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) to livestock wastewater under two salinity conditions (seawater with salinity of 30þ and freshwater) were examined in greenhouse pot-cultivation systems for 144 days. Wastewater treatment significantly enhanced growth of Kandelia candel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza in terms of stem height, stem basal diameter, leaf production, maximum unit leaf area and relative growth rate. Wastewater discharges and salinity levels did not significantly change biomass partitioning of Kandelia candel, however, more biomass of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza was allocated to leaf due to wastewater discharges. In Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b increased with wastewater discharges but such increase was not observed in Kandelia candel. On the other hand, livestock wastewater increased leaf electric conductance in Kandelia candel but not in Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. The peroxidase activity in stem and root of Kandelia candel under both salinity conditions increased due to wastewater discharges, while the activity in root of the treated Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings decreased under freshwater condition but increased at seawater salinity. The superoxide dismutase activity in treated Bruguiera gymnorrhiza decreased but did not show any significant change in Kandelia candel receiving livestock wastewater.

Changes in morphological plasticity of Ulva prolifera under different environmental conditions: A laboratory experiment

Abstract. Suwanto A, Takarina ND, Koestoer RH, Frimawaty E. 2021. Diversity, biomass, covers, and NDVI of restored mangrove forests in Karawang and Subang Coasts, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4115-4122. Indonesia has been recognized as the country with greatest diversity of mangrove species with significant amount of carbon sink and biomass. In few recent decades, mangrove forests have been deforested significantly. One of the solutions to deal with mangrove deforestation is through restoration. West Java north coasts are one of the areas that have experienced deforestation, however and mangrove restorations have been conducted mainly in Karawang and Subang coasts. Correspondingly this research aims to assess the mangrove diversity using index and biomass resulted from restoration program in those coasts. To assess the mangrove diversity in each coast on June 2021, 6 sampling stations containing 3 replicated sample plots of size 10 m × 10 m were located. In total 8 species with 1549 trees were been sampled. In Subang the order of mangrove species from common to less-common species were Avicennia marina &gt; Rhizophora mucronata &gt; Sonneratia caseolaris &gt; Acanthus ilicifolius &gt; Bruguiera gymnorhiza. While the order in Karawang was Avicennia marina &gt; Rhizophora mucronata &gt; Rhizophora apiculata &gt; Sonneratia caseolaris &gt; Bruguiera gymnorhiza. The mangrove diversity (H)’ was significantly different (p = 0.000, F = 2.216) with diversity in Subang Coast (average H' = 1.326, 95% CI: 1.15-1.5) was higher than in Karawang (average H’ = 1.063, 95%CI: 0.934-1.2). Estimated restored mangrove covers in Subang were 3.612 km2 and 0.46 km2 in Karawang. R. mucronata was mangrove species that has the highest biomass with the value of 1337.91 mg ha-1 and the lowest was A. marina with value of 14.3 mg ha-1. The results suggest that restoration areas in Subang and Karawang have significant contributions to maintain mangrove diversity, biomass, and covers.

A melissopalynological analysis of fifty-one natural honey samples (twenty four spring, fifteen summer and twelve winter) collected during 2010–2011 from two east-coastal districts (20020/ to 22011/ N, 82039/ to 87001/ E) of Orissa, India was performed. Out of 37 unifloral samples found 25 were contributed by Apis cerana indica, seven by A. dorsata and the remaining five by A. florea. Out of 14 multifloral samples five were contributed by A. cerana indica, five by A. dorsata and the remaining four by A. florea. Principal component analysis confirmed the palynological classification of the unifloral honey samples. Eighty-two bee-plant taxa belonging to forty four families were recovered. The predominant nectariferous taxa of the spring season were Acanthus ilicifolius, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Cocos nucifera, Eucalyptus globulus, Phoenix paludosa, Pongamia pinnata, Prosopis juliflora, Sonneratia apetala and Syzygium cumini. In the summer the predominant nectariferous taxa were Borassus flabellifer, C. nucifera, E. globulus, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia arjuna, Aegiceras corniculatum, P. paludosa and Sonneratia apetala while those of the winter were Brassica nigra, Coriandrum sativum, Zizyphus jujuba, Alstonia scholaris, E. globulus and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Very low (<0.09) HDE/P for 98% of the samples and absence of toxic palynotaxa assure that these honeys are suitable for human consumption. Quite extended honey flow period with spring and summer as best forage seasons for the honeybees and occurrence of 82% of these honeys with APC Group II, III and IV justify the sustainability of the present study area for establishing moderate to large-scale apicultural entrepreneurship. This should improve the socio-economic status of the people of this region.

In view of current scenarios of global environmental change, we investigated the effects of warming and nutrient addition (N and P) on the impact of detritivores on density and community composition of leaf litter-colonizing bacteria in a freshwater environment. Within 10 d, detritivorous amphipods () reduced bacterial numbers at 10°C and to a lesser degree at 15°C. However, the detritivore-induced decrease in bacterial numbers was compensated for by nutrient addition. After 31 d of incubation, amphipods reduced bacterial numbers only at 15°C, and nutrient addition did not counteract detritivore effects. Similarly, changes in bacterial numbers in response to nutrient addition were more pronounced at low temperature within 10 d, whereas nutrient effects were stronger at high temperature after 31 d of incubation. Thus, warming without detritivores did not affect bacterial numbers under low-nutrient conditions (10 d). When detritivores were present, warming increased bacterial density significantly just under high-nutrient conditions ( < 0.05). After 31 d of incubation, warming did not affect bacterial density in detritivore-free controls in both nutrient conditions and did not affect bacterial density in both nutrient conditions in the presence of detritivores. Warming exhibited a significant effect on the composition of litter-associated bacterial communities irrespective of nutrient load ( < 0.05), whereas nutrients had less consistent effects. We conclude that warming, and to a lesser degree nutrient enrichment, may have influence on grazer-induced changes in bacterial biofilm composition, whereas nutrient enrichment may mostly interfere with those processes that depend on bacterial density.

Climate change directly influences species composition and distribution of macroalgae on a global scale. Meanwhile, eutrophication and heavy metal pollution continue to be major concerns in coastal areas. The objective of this study was to explore interactive effects of these complex environmental conditions (high temperature, eutrophication and heavy metal pollution) in the bloom forming green alga, Ulva prolifera. This study evaluated the physiological characteristics of two strains of U. prolifera (Korean strain and Chinese strain) at two temperature levels (20 and 25°C), two nutrient concentrations (low nutrient: 50 μM of N and 5 μM of P; high nutrient: 250 μM of N and 25 μM of P) and three copper concentrations [Control (0.03 μM); 0.1 μM; 1 μM]. Under the 20°C and low nutrient condition, the Chinese strain grew significantly slower at 1μM copper group compared to copper control group. Whereas there was no significant change in the growth rate of the Korean strain. High nutrient significantly increased the growth rate, photosynthetic and respiration rates, soluble protein and tissue N in both strains at all copper groups under 20°C compared to copper groups under 20°C and low nutrient condition. Both strains grew significantly slower at 1 μM copper group compare to copper control group under high nutrient and 20°C condition. 25°C significantly reduced the growth rate of both strains at each nutrient condition. Under 25°C and low nutrient condition, 1 μM copper had no effects on growth rate and all photosynthetic parameters of both strains. Meanwhile, under 25°C and high nutrient conditions, 1 μM copper significantly inhibited growth and photosynthetic rates and increased soluble protein content in the Chinese strain compared to copper control treatment. These results suggest that the Korean strain had higher tolerance to the copper stress than the Chinese strain. Higher nutrient levels enhanced the temperature tolerance and the copper stress in U. prolifera. Increased temperature reduced the negative effects caused by copper stress in U. prolifera.

Dose and accumulative effects of spent lubricating oil on four common mangrove plants in South China

We investigated the combined effects of salinity and hydroperiod on seedlings of Rhizophora mangle and Laguncularia racemosa grown under experimental conditions of monoculture and mixed culture by using a simulated tidal system. The objective was to test hypotheses relative to species interactions to either tidal or permanent flooding at salinities of 10 or 40 g/l. Four-month-old seedlings were experimentally manipulated under these environmental conditions in two types of species interactions: (1) seedlings of the same species were grown separately in containers from September 2000 to August 2001 to evaluate intraspecific response and (2) seedlings of each species were mixed in containers to evaluate interspecific, competitive responses from August 2002 to April 2003. Overall, L. racemosa was strongly sensitive to treatment combinations while R. mangle showed little effect. Most plant responses of L. racemosa were affected by both salinity and hydroperiod, with hydroperiod inducing more effects than salinity. Compared to R. mangle, L. racemosa in all treatment combinations had higher relative growth rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, stem elongation, total length of branches, net primary production, and stem height. Rhizophora mangle had higher biomass allocation to roots. Species growth differentiation was more pronounced at low salinity, with few species differences at high salinity under permanent flooding. These results suggest that under low to mild stress by hydroperiod and salinity, L. racemosa exhibits responses that favor its competitive dominance over R. mangle. This advantage, however, is strongly reduced as stress from salinity and hydroperiod increase.

Climate‐driven changes in temperature and high nutrient inputs from anthropogenic activities significantly impact the interactions between submerged macrophytes and phytoplankton, potentially causing regime shifts in shallow freshwater lakes. Cyanobacteria, in particular, are predicted to become dominant among the phytoplankton under climate change, contributing to the collapse of submerged macrophytes. This study aimed to explore how submerged macrophytes and phytoplankton respond to rising temperatures and nutrient addition, how the presence of submerged macrophytes influences the photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria, and how submerged macrophytes adapt their morphology and physiology to cope with excess phytoplankton. We conducted a fully factorial experiment consisting of two temperature conditions (low and high temperature), two nutrient conditions (with and without nutrient addition) and two plant conditions (plant presence and absence). We analysed changes in phytoplankton biomass and diversity (taxonomic and functional) in response to rising temperatures and nutrient addition. The maximum photochemical efficiency of the photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the maximum relative electron transport rates (rETRmax) of cyanobacteria were determined. We measured the response of macrophytes to environmental changes by measuring antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as morphological indicators like plant height, weight, and the relative growth rate. In the absence of submerged macrophytes, rising temperatures led to higher total phytoplankton biomass and cyanobacteria dominance alongside reduced taxonomic and functional diversity. Conversely, when submerged macrophytes were present and no nutrients were added, rising temperatures did not lead to increased phytoplankton biomass. Macrophytes can suppress undesirable cyanobacterial proliferation by competing for nutrients and inhibiting Fv/Fm. Furthermore, under conditions of environmental stress, such as high chlorophyll a concentrations due to nutrient inputs, submerged macrophytes adapted by increasing height and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD and CAT. Within the context of climate warming and increased nutrient inputs, phytoplankton growth, especially of cyanobacteria, may be favoured. However, our study demonstrated the critical role of submerged macrophytes in inhibiting phytoplankton, especially when nutrients were controlled. By using these physiological indicators to assess the life activity of organisms, our research provided new insights into macrophyte‐phytoplankton relationships during regime shifts in aquatic ecosystems.