OPTIMISATION OF MULTI-STAGE SILICAASSISTED LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF PALM STEARIN-BASED EMULSIFIERS AND THEIR PREDICTIVE APPLICATIONS IN FOOD PRODUCTS

Extraction optimization of bioactive compounds (crocin, geniposide and total phenolic compounds) from Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) fruits with response surface methodology

This study was designed in order to determine optimal parameters for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of polyphenols from plantain herb using response surface methodology (RSM) as well as UV-visible spectrophotometric and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method. Solvent extraction was performed based on four factors-five levels central composite design (CCD). The influence of extraction time (X1: 5–65 min), ethanol concentration (X2: 10%–90%), solid to solvent ratio (X3: 1:10–1:50), and extraction temperature (X4: 20–80°C) on total polyphenols content (TPC) as well on content of dominant individual polyphenolic compounds (acteoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside) was analyzed. The optimal extraction parameters were as follows: extraction time of 64 min, ethanol concentration of 45%, solid to solvent ratio of 1:49, and extraction temperature of 40°C. Under these optimal conditions, the experimental values for total phenolics and acteoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside content in plantain herb extract were 42.15, 24.15, and 0.87 mg/g DW, respectively. Experimental validation of optimized parameters was performed and close agreement with predicted values suggested the effectiveness of the applied model and the achievement of RSM in optimizing the extraction parameters. Practical applications In this study, we have analyzed optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from ribwort plantain aerial part using response surface methodology. These developed conditions will help other researchers and industrialists to develop functional food products with a high range of phytochemical potential.

Red dates are one of the most famous herbal plants in making traditional Chinese medicine. They contain large amount of bioactive compounds. The objectives of this research were to optimise the crude extract yield and total phenolic compounds (TPC) yield from red dates using response surface methodology (RSM) and model the extraction kinetics of TPC yield from red dates. Date fruits were dried in an oven under temperatures 50°C, 60°C, 70°C and 80°C until a constant weight was obtained. The optimum drying temperature was 60°C as it gave the highest crude extract yield and TPC yield. Besides that, single factor experiments were used to determine the optimum range of four extraction parameters which were: liquid-solid ratio (10-30 ml/g); ultrasonic power (70-90%); extraction temperature (50-70°C); and extraction time (40-60min). The optimum range of the four parameters were further optimised using the Box-Behken Design (BBD) of RSM. The extraction conditions that gave the highest crude extract yield and TPC yield were chosen. The optimum value for liquid-solid ratio, ultrasonic power, extraction temperature and extraction time were 30ml/g, 70%, 60°C and 60 min respectively. The two equations generated from RSM were reliable and can be used to predict the crude extract yield and TPC yield. The higher the extraction temperature, liquid-solid ratio, and extraction time and lower ultrasonic power, the higher the crude extract and TPC yield. Finally, the results of TPC yield versus time based on the optimum extraction parameters from RSM optimisation were fitted into three extraction kinetic models (Peleg’s model, Page’s model and Ponomaryov’s model). It was found that the most suitable kinetic model to represent the extraction process of TPC from red dates was Page’s model due to its coefficient of determination (R2) was the closest to unity, 0.9663 while its root mean square error (RMSE) was the closest to zero, 0.001534.

Turmeric is a spice widely used to enhance the taste and color of certain meats. We investigated the antioxidant capacities of turmeric ethanol soaking extracts by utilizing the scavenging properties of hydroxyl radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The results showed that the optimum extraction parameters were: extraction time 4 h, sample-solvent ratio 1:84.12, solvent 72.34% ethanol solution, and water bath temperature 81.3 ℃. The optimum ethanol soaking extraction parameters were: extraction time 4 h, sample-solvent ratio 1:90.74, solvent 80.46% ethanol solution, water bath temperature 88.2 ℃. With these parameters, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate and the DPPH free radical clearance of crude extracts from turmeric can reach about 93.78% and 40.69%, respectively. These results indicate that ethanol soaking extraction may be a useful method for extracting antioxidants from turmeric.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic content & antioxidant activity of hog plum (Spondias pinnata L. f. kurz) pulp by response surface methodology

Optimizing conditions for oleanolic acid extraction from Lantana camara roots using response surface methodology

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) technology was used to extract oil from Eucommia ulmoides seed. The optimum conditions and significant parameters in SC-CO2 were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM). The qualities of the extracted oil were evaluated by physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, vitamin E composition. It was found that the optimum extraction parameters were at pressure of 37 MPa, temperature of 40°C, extraction time of 125 min and CO2 flow rate of 2.6 SL/min. Pressure, temperature and time were identified as significant parameter effecting on extraction yield. The importance of evaluated parameters decreased in the order of pressure > extraction time > temperature > CO2 flow rate. GC analysis indicated that E. ulmoides seed oil contained about 61% of linolenic acid and its fatty acid composition was similar with that of flaxseed oil and perilla oil. The content and composition of vitamin E was determined using HPLC. The E. ulmoides seed oil was rich in vitamin E (190.72 mg/100 g), the predominant vitamin E isomers were γ- tocopherol and δ- tocopherol, which accounted for 70.87% and 24.81% of the total vitamin E, respectively. The high yield and good physicochemical properties of extracted oil support the notion that SC-CO2 technology is an effective technique for extracting oil from E. ulmoides seed.

Grape seed is a potential source of edible protein, so effective extraction of protein component from grape seed seems to be very important. However, so far, such information is unavailable. In this study, the conditions for protein extraction from the grape seeds were optimized by the single factor test and the response surface methodology (RSM). A box-behnken design (BBD) was used for experimental design and analysis of the results to obtain the optimal extraction conditions. Solvent/meal ratio, extraction temperature, pH and extraction time were found to have a significant effect on the protein yield. From the single factor test, the optimal range of extraction conditions was obtained. Based on the RSM analysis, optimum extraction parameters were obtained as following: solvent/meal ratio 22.5/1 (v/w), extraction temperature 35°C, pH 9.8, and extraction time 29 min. Under the optimized conditions, the experimental values were in good agreement with those predicted by the model. These results help design the process of optimal protein extraction from grape seeds for future use in food industry.

Prodigiosin extraction from dried Serratia marcescens jx1 cells using ultrasound-assisted extraction was optimized. The experiment was carried out in accordance with a central composite design (CCD) three-level and single-variable approach. The extraction time, extraction temperature, and solute to solvent ratio with the application of ultrasonication were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to maximize the extraction of prodigiosin from dried S. marcescens jx1 cells. The response of prodigiosin was determined using spectrophotometry. A quadratic model was established to predict the prodigiosin extraction yield. The analysis of variance showed that the quadratic model significantly contributed to the response of prodigiosin. The optimal extraction parameters were an extraction time of 17.5 min, an extraction temperature of 23.4°C, and a solvent-to-solute ratio of 1:27.2. Under these optimum conditions, the average prodigiosin yield was 4.3 g ± 0.02 g from 100 g of dried cells, which matches the predicted values. The obtained optimum conditions for prodigiosin extraction provide a scientific basis for the economical large-scale production of prodigiosin.

Phyllanthus emblica L. is an economic plant used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The bark of P. emblica is rich in polyphenols and its extractions have shown strong antioxidative and radical scavenging activity. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to assess the optimal extraction of polyphenols from P. emblica bark. Various extraction parameters including ethanol concentration, extraction time, temperature, solid-liquid ratio, and extraction times were chosen to identify their effects on polyphenols extraction. Among these parameters, extraction times and solvent concentration were found to have significant effect on polyphenols extraction. RSM was applied to obtain the optimal combination of solvent concentration, extraction time, temperature, and extraction time for maximum rate of extraction. The most suitable condition for the extraction of polyphenols was at ethanol concentration 75%, extraction time 25 min, extraction temperature 45 degrees C, and extraction times 3. At these optimal extraction parameters, the maximum extraction of polyphenols obtained experimentally was found to be very close to its predicted value. The extraction rate of polyphenols was 19.78% at the optimum conditions. The mathematical model developed was found to fit with the experimental data of polyphenols extraction.

Objective-Optimize the extraction conditions of total flavonoids from Met sequoia glyptostroboides Leaves. Methods- the optimal extraction parameters and the extraction rate were studied by response surface methodology. Select the ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, ratio of material to liquid and extracting time as factors, and the extraction rate of total flavonoids as the response value, the experimental design of four factors and three levels was applied to Box-Behnken central composite method. Results-The optimal conditions for the extraction rate of total flavonoids were 81% ethanol concentration, extraction temperature at 74 °C, extraction time for 2.2 h, ratio of solid to liquid were 1:41. And the total flavonoids yield was up to 1.871% at optimal conditions. The relative error were 0.44% compared the values of predict by regression model with the experimental values. Conclusion- Optimization of extracting technology condition was reliable, which based on response surface method.

Response surface optimization of ultrasound-assisted polysaccharides extraction from pomegranate peel

The effect of the experimental conditions on assessing the global volatile profile of extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) by headspace solid‐phase microextraction/gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME/GC–MS) is studied to obtain maximization of the total peak areas of the compounds. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is applied to Arbequina EVOO, and the influence of oil quantity, extraction time, and extraction temperature on the total area and extraction of the major desirable compounds is analyzed. The experimental data are adequately fitted into second‐order polynomial models with non‐significant lack of fit (p > 0.05) and coefficients of determination (R2 and R2‐adjusted) higher than 0.88 and 0.78, respectively. A strong similarity is found between the predicted and experimental values. Furthermore, the surface plots show that the extraction of the volatile compounds is favored with increasing extraction temperature, time, and oil quantity. The extraction conditions to obtain the maximum response of “green” volatile compounds from Arbequina olive oil by HS‐SPME placed in 50 mL vials are 4.6 g of oil, 43 min, and 59 °C.Practical Applications: The findings of the present work show that specific conditions of HS‐SPME/GC–MS affect the extraction of volatile compounds from cv. Arbequina olive oil and establish the optimum extraction parameters to more efficiently determine the global profile of this fraction, taking into account the organoleptic characteristics of the cultivar. The results also contribute to the knowledge of the volatile profile of the monovarietal olive oil cv. Arbequina, which is one of most cultivated and consumed types of olive oil worldwide.The effects of oil quantity, extraction time, and temperature on the extraction of volatile compounds from the olive oil of the widespread Arbequina variety are investigated. The main volatiles found are C6 compounds, including aldehydes, alcohols, and the corresponding esters. The volatile profile is more affected by temperature and time than the oil quantity. The application of long times and high temperatures increases the total area and the extraction of Z‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol acetate and E‐2‐hexenal to which are associated sensory traits of cut‐green, tomato, and medium bitter taste.

Response surface methodology-optimized extraction of flavonoids from pomelo peels and isolation of naringin with antioxidant activities by Sephadex LH20 gel chromatography

Optimisation of Pueraria isoflavonoids by response surface methodology using ultrasonic-assisted extraction