Abstract
During Petroleum exploration, water, which is trapped in underground formations, is brought to the surface along with oil or gas. This water, referred to as Produced water, has constituents that make it unsafe to be discharged into the environment without adequate treatment. In offshore locations, the situation is even more difficult since there is always limited space for produced water treatment. The treatment of Produced water will not only provide water for use but will protect our environment against pollution. This paper has reviewed exhaustively the various ways of handling produced water on the basis of its constituents, expected use of the effluent fluid, adherence to the local regulations on environmental protection, available expertise, and cost of its treatment. Furthermore, the paper has selected some key produced water treatment techniques, discussed their advantages as well as limitations to enable oil and gas operators to make informed decision depending on the circumstances surrounding their operations.
Highlights
Oil is a major global energy source and its exploration and production is extremely important
Separation of oil, gas, and water from produced hydrocarbon stream on an offshore platform is by addition of certain chemicals; these chemicals that include corrosion inhibitors, deemulsifiers, defoamers and biocides [5] are toxic to the marine environment
The huge volumes of produced water generated per annum from oil and gas exploration and production require economical, effective and environmentally friendly methods of treatment
Summary
Oil is a major global energy source and its exploration and production is extremely important. Separation of oil, gas, and water from produced hydrocarbon stream on an offshore platform is by addition of certain chemicals; these chemicals that include corrosion inhibitors, deemulsifiers, defoamers and biocides [5] are toxic to the marine environment This depends on several factors such as allowed fraction of each chemical in the mixer with the produced water and the quantity of discharged produced water in each batch [6]. The Management options can be described in terms of a three tiered system, which is implemented consecutively They include as follows: Tier I-water minimization: The aim of this tier is to reduce the volume of water produced from the oil production well.
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