Opportunities for Control of the Rose Stem Girdler in Organic Oil-bearing Rose Production

Orange peel oil contains high amount of d‐limonene which is reported to have antidiabetic activity. Propolis contains many biologically active compounds like phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenes. Because of its rich phenolic composition, antidiabetic activity of propolis has also been shown in literature. Consumption of raw propolis is limited because of its resinous nature. It should be extracted to convert it into consumable form. Ethanol is the most used solvent for this purpose. Ethanol is the limiting factor for propolis consumption either for religious concerns or being harmful for human health. There is an increasing need for new, compatible and healthier solvents for propolis extraction. This is the first paper describing the extraction of propolis with orange peel oil. 1:10 (g/v) ratio was used for extraction. Orange peel oil (OPO), orange peel oil propolis extract (OPOPE) and ethanol propolis extract (EPE) were separately analysed by using GC‐MS technique. Total phenolic content of oil and propolis extract was also carried out. Inhibition of α‐amylase from barley malt with new extract was also reported. It was found that OPOPE was rich in volatile compounds of propolis, phenolic acid derivatives and free fatty acids. It was observed that OPOPE showed higher inhibition on α‐amylase enzyme (IC50 0.196 mg/mL). It can be concluded that orange peel oil could be used as solvent for preparing propolis extract. Propolis extract obtained with orange peel oil could also be used as complementary medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

The manufacture of ethanol-free propolis solutions offers a broader application. A few trials with Lithuanian propolis have been conducted. The aims of the study are to manufacture propolis water and water-free solutions and evaluate the quality and antimicrobial activity of these solutions. The studied solutions containing 2.5%, 5%, and 10% propolis are prepared. As solvents, purified water, 70% v/v ethanol, 96.3% v/v ethanol, propylene glycol, and their systems were used. Determination of total levels of phenolic compounds (FAE mg/g) is based on colour oxidation-reduction reaction using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent under alkaline conditions and performed at 765 nm wavelength using UV spectrophotometer. The highest content of phenolic compounds was determined in solutions containing 10% propolis extracts, and the lowest amounts in 2.5% propolis extracts. The water extracted the lowest amount of phenolic compounds from crude propolis, ethanol extracted the highest amount, and propylene glycol ranked the middle position. It is determined that technological parameters (stirring, temperature) contribute to content of phenolic compounds. During microbiological study, MICs were determined. The studies showed that water extracted propolis solutions and solvents mixture did not inhibit the growth of the studied microorganisms, and propolis solutions in propylene glycol were found to have antimicrobial activity.

The toxic effect of certain compounds including two pesticides [fenitrothion (Sumithion) and etoxazole (Baroque)), mineral oil (K.z-oil), plant oils extracted from citrus such as baladi mandarin, sour orange, acidless orange and blue gum, microbial pesticides (Biofly and Agerin) and mixtures of Kz-oil with plant oils and microbial pesticides, against Thrips tabaci, Aphis gossури. Етроатса вр. Bemisia tabac and Tetranychus urticae on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var cococynthoides L.) and pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plantations have been done under field conditions. The results achieved in this study can be summarized in the following: Fenitrothion was the most toxic compound followed by Kz-cil on T. tabaci Plant oil extracts were of a moderate toxic effect, while etoxazole was the least toxic compound on T. tabaci. Fenitrothion was the most toxic compound followed by baladi mandarin oil extract and Ke oil and gozyi. Etoxazole was of a moderate toxic effect, but blue gum, sour orange oil and acidless orange oil extracts were the least toxic treatments on A. gosspy. Fenitrothion was the highest effective compound in reducing the population density of Empoasca sp. after the first spray followed by Kz-oil + baladi mandarin oil, Kz-ail+ sour orange oil and etoxazole. The other tested compounds were moderately effective except sour orange oil, acidless orange oil, blue gum oil, Biofly and Agerin which were the least effective compounds on Empeasca sp. No significant differences were found among compounds after the second spray. Fenitrothion was the most effective compound in reducing the population density after the first spray followed by baladi mandarin oil, Kz-ail, Kz-ol+ baladi mandarin oil and K2-oil + blue gum oil on B. tabaci. The other tested compounds were moderately effective except sour orange oil. Biofly and Agerin which were the least effective compounds. All the tested compounds gave satisfactory result in reducing whitefly population ranged between 64.27 and 91.62% after the second pray with significant differences. Ka oil was the most toxic compound followed by fenitrothion and baladi mandarin oil extract on T .Urticae. Sour orange oil, blue gum and acidless orange oil extracts have a moderate toxicity, while etoxazole was the least toxic compound on T urticae. The results showed that Biofly and Agein were highly toxic to T tabaci and A. gossypii while they were of a moderate toxic to 7. urticae. The results showed that all mixtures had potentiation effect against T rabaci, A. gossypii and T urticae. Generally it can be concluded that, all tested compounds reduced the mean numbers of sucking pests on watermelon and pepper plantations. The tested compounds could be arranged descendingly according to their toxicity to the sucking pests as follows: Pesticides mixtures > plant oil extracts> mineral oil microbial pesticides.

Objective: to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of an ethanolic propolis extract from Santander province against Enterococcus faecalis.Methods: an experimental In vitro study was made. Starting from pristine propolis collected in the city of Lebrija (Santander), an ethanolic extract was obtained using a Soxhlet apparatus. The antimicrobial activity was measured using the macro dilution tube technique by counting the Colony Forming Units (CFU) per mL after 48 hours. Propolis solutions with concentrations in the range from 100 to 0.19 mg/mL were evaluated. Tubes containing dilutions of the antibiotic norfloxacin and solvent (96% ethanol) were used as reference and control.Results: the propolis solutions within the range from 100 mg/mL to 50 mg/mL inhibited 100% growing of E. faecalis. Propolis extract showed an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of 1.19 mg/mL and an inhibitory concentration 90 (IC90) of 7.92 mg/mL respectively. Norfloxacin on the other hand was more effective with IC50 and IC90 of 0.06 and 2.39 µg/mL respectively. Ethanol showed non-antimicrobial activity at the concentration present within the extracts.Conclusion: with further studies support it would be possible to suggest the use of propolis from Santander as an alternative of irrigation and medication in endodontics because of its powerful effect against E. faecalis considering it is the most frequent pathogen found in persistent infections.

In this study a comparison was made of human mononuclear cell (PBMCs) viability, when cells were kept in different propolis extracts and formulations. PBMCs (106 cell mL-1), obtained from healthy donors (n=5), were incubated at 20ºC in the different propolis solutions, as well as in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), used as experimental control. The cell viability was analyzed by Trypan blue exclusion assay. When incubated for 1h, only two extracts, denominated A70D and D70D, showed appropriate results for maintaining cell viability. A70D and D70D showed better viability (p < 0.05) than other formulations and no difference (p > 0.05) from the HBSS control. A70D and D70D were tested in five dilutions in propylene glycol, over 24h, with analysis at 0, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 6, 10 and 24h. The most concentrated fractions showed the worst performance (p < 0.05) in comparison with their original extracts, which remained close to 80% viability over 24h. Reduction in viability proportional to increase in concentration of formulations was observed. The results suggest that propolis solutions in appropriate concentrations may be used in future studies on alternatives to mediums routinely used in dental practice for storing avulsed teeth.

SummaryThe effects of a propolis extract on Varroa destructor and Apis mellifera were evaluated by three different application methods: topical, spraying and oral. A propolis sample was extracted and its organoleptic and physic-chemically traits characterized. These analyses showed that it was a typical propolis from the Pampean region in Argentina, with elevated contents of biologically active compounds. Topical application was carried out by subjecting mites to contact with various propolis concentrations for different periods of time, which resulted in mortality and narcosis. Acaricidal effects were stronger with increasing concentrations of the propolis extracts. Spraying infested bees with a 10% propolis solution was harmless for bees but killed 78% of mites. Feeding infested bees with propolis extract in sugar syrup was not toxic to the mites but caused the death of bees treated with the highest concentration. Our results suggest that the propolis extracts from the Pampean Region could be incorporated into bee colonies by spraying, although the appropriate doses and concentrations to be administered, and the mechanism of action of the extracts on the mites are still to be elucidated.

Botanical oils are considered ecofriendly compounds with insecticidal characteristics. In this study, the effects of basil (Ocimum basilicum), camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), lemon (Citrus limon), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), black pepper (Piper nigrum), and orange (Citrus sinensis var balady) oil extracts on the survival of four entomopathogenic nematode strains belonging to the Steinernema and Heterorhabditis genera, as well as their impacts on Rhynchophorus ferrugineus egg hatching and larvae, were assessed. The results for the camphor, lemon, black pepper, and orange oils were promising as 50 μL/mL of each resulted in 0%, 0%, 16%, and 0% hatchability for the R. ferrugineus eggs, respectively. Furthermore, the mortality of R. ferrugineus larvae was up to 95% with the similar concentrations and an exposure time of 48 h, for the other investigated oils. Various morphohistopathological alterations were found in the cuticle; outer cuticle folds swelling or shrinkage and subcuticular muscle degeneration, as well as midgut; fat globules in the epithelial lining with marked degeneration and/or necrosis, of the R. ferrugineus larvae when compared with those of controls replicates. Mortality percentage of infective juveniles (IJs) of Steinernema carpocapsae (S2) was significantly lower than Heterorhabditis marelatus (D1), Steinernema riobravae (Sr) and Steinernema carpocapsae (All) when using camphor oil compared to the other oils (50%). From the obtained observations on oils lethal effects, the target of developing integral biocontrol product formulated from combinations of essential oils and nematode with insecticidal properties against R. ferrugineus (not nematode survival) is possible; a sustainable and ecofriendly product for pest management.

Sucking insects are the most common pests and could affect a wide range of cultural and wild plants. They possess a big reproductive potential and under favourable climatic conditions can cause considerable damages on agricultural crops. Some of the sucking insects show resistance to chemical pesticides, which additionally makes their control difficult. To investigate the effect of natural pesticides on the population of some sucking insects in a two year`s field experiment was conducted in the region of the village Kliment on five years`s old organic rose plantation. The following products have been included in the investigation: Limocide® (60 g/L orange oil) NeemAzal® T/S (Nime-substance – 2.5 %) and 4 % bee glue solution. The field experiments were arranged according to the block method in four replications and plot size of 18 м2 (21 plants per variant). The population density of sucking insects varied depending on the climate conditions. The product Limocide® and the 4% bee glue solution managed to control the invasion of the two-spotted spider mite Macrosiphum rosae L. and proved their effectiveness against Thrips tabaci as well. The product that contain as azadirachtin as an active substance showed an unsatisfactory percentage of effectiveness against the target insects. The 4% bee glue solution has a great potential, and its mechanism of action needs to be further investigated. Keywords: biological control, sucking insects, roses

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the smear layer removal efficacy of various herbal extracts, namely, green tea extract, orange oil, and neem leaf extract using the scanning electron microscopic analysis. Materials and Methods: The samples were divided into four groups having ten teeth each (n = 10); the groups were divided accordingly, Group A: sodium hypochlorite (control), Group B: green tea extract, Group C: orange oil, and Group D: neem leaf extract. Each tooth was then split longitudinally and was prepared for examination by scanning electron microscope under ×1500 and ×3000. Statistical Analysis: The smear layer removal scores were compared statistically within the groups using analysis of variance and Tukey's honest significant difference test (P Results: The canals treated with neem leaf extract exhibited significant smear layer removal when compared to those treated with orange oil, sodium hypochlorite, and green tea extract. Conclusion: The highest amount of smear layer removal efficacy was seen in the canals treated by neem leaf extract.

O controle alternativo tem como características a ausência de contaminação e toxicidade social e ambiental, e uma alternativa é o extrato de própolis, que se objetivou com este trabalho verificar o efeito de soluções de extrato de própolis no controle in vitro do fungo Aspergillus sp, e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de pepino após o tratamento com as mesmas soluções. Isolado do fungo foi inoculado em meio BDA com concentrações de 0; 8; 12; 18 e 25% de extrato aquoso Propamax®, totalizando cinco tratamentos. Para o tratamento das sementes foram utilizadas mesmas concentrações de extrato de própolis. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições. Verificou-se que com o aumento linear da dose do extrato de própolis, houve interferência no desenvolvimento do fungo atingindo máximo com dose de 25%. Sementes de pepino tratadas com soluções de própolis não afetam a qualidade fisiológica, surgindo um possível tratamento alternativo de sementes.

Propolis is made by bees collecting protective material or essence of plants and mixing with saliva and enzymes produced by the salivary glands. It is used to repair the inside of the honeycomb, keep it sterile, and adjust the temperature and humidity. Propolis is a natural antibiotic substance that it is used to make a clean room by coating the cell before the queen bee lay eggs, and preventing the bacteria from invading by using with wax when sealing the nursery room. Propolis extract is a health functional food with antioxidant and oral antimicrobial effects. In order to use propolis in food, its active ingredients are extracted with ethanol. Water-soluble propolis was prepared by mixing and stirring honey and ethanol extracted propolis (EEP) solution. When 1kg of honey and 100ml of ethanol extracted propolis solution were mixed and stirred, the total flavonoid content of watersoluble propolis was 6.6±1.1mg/10g, and the free radical scavenging effects of water-soluble propolis were 54 to 74%.

Antifungal efficacy of propolis against fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata isolates obtained from women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis

This study aims to analyze the effects of the use of organic fertilizers and organic pesticides on eggplant productivity and the level of erosion hazards that occur on these intensive agricultural lands. The use of organic fertilizers and pesticides is expected to improve soil quality which in turn will increase crop productivity and reduce erosion yield. Randomized block design (RBD) was used with a combination of dosage treatment of organic fertilizers (P) and organic pesticides (B). The dosages of organic fertilizers used were: 0 kg/bed (P1/control), 1 kg/bed (P2), 1.5 kg/bed (P3) and 2 kg/bed (P4). The doses of pesticides used were chemical pesticides 2 ml/liter (B1/control), organic pesticides 7 ml/liter (B2), 9 ml/liter (B3) and 11 ml/liter (B4). The highest productivity research results were obtained from combination of P4B1 (fertilizer dose 2kg/bed + chemical pesticides). This shows that organic fertilizers and pesticides can increase plant productivity. However, organic pesticides have not been able to reduce pest attacks during the fertilization phase. On the other hand, the rate of erosion has actually increased which is not significantly different between the use of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers. This is due to the increase in the content of organic matter and changes in soil texture which cause the soil to become loose and crumb so that it is more easily eroded. Thus the use of organic fertilizers and pesticides can be used continuously in intensive agriculture but must be accompanied by other conservation activities to reduce the erosion yield. In addition, it is necessary to develop more effective organic pesticides to eradicate pests and plant diseases. Keywords: erosion, eggplant plants, intensive agriculture, organic fertilizer, organic pesticide.

The sub-project of the project “Minderung von Treibhausgasemissionen im Rapsanbau unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stickstoffdüngung” of the division Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, Department of Crop Sciences of Georg-August University focused on steps in the nitrogen cycle that produce or interfere with N2O emissions from soils. It addressed the question of how the N cycle is modified by a winter oilseed rape – winter wheat – winter barley crop rotation. The focus of the doctoral thesis was put on the post-harvest period and the production of N2O emissions in winter oilseed rape. Several lab and field experiments were conducted: (1) Incubation experiment using oilseed rape and 15N-labelled barley straw; An incubation experiment carried out under controlled conditions aimed at comparing N addition and different straw qualities for their potential to provoke N2O emissions from soil. Treatments consisted of non-treated control soil (CK), 15N labelled barley straw (BST), oilseed rape straw (RST), 15N labelled barley straw + mineral N (BST+N), or oilseed rape straw + mineral N (RST+N). N fertilizer was applied to the soil surface as calcium ammonium-nitrate at a rate of 67.5 mg N kg-1 soil equiv. to 100 kg N ha-1 and soil moisture was adjusted to 80% water-holding capacity. The experiment covered a measurement period of 43 days. Cumulative N2O emissions in this study summed up to 3, 19, 26, 439 and 387µg N2O-N kg-1 soil 43 days-1 for CK, BST, RST, BST+N and RST+N. Application of mineral N fertilizer to the straw amended soils enhanced N2O emissions considerably in BST+N and RST+N treatments masking the effect of straw type. 15N labeling showed that only about 0.72% and 0.46% of the emitted N2O originated from straw-N in the BST and BST+N treatments after 22 days indicating a very low share of straw-borne N to the formation of N2O emissions. In agricultural practice, an N fertilization to soils amended with C-rich residues in the post-harvest period could lead to high N2O emissions. (2) Post-harvest N2O emissions as affected by N fertilizer and straw management – 2 year study at the site Reinshof; Management options to mitigate N2O emissions in oilseed rape cropping were tested in a 2-year field experiment at the field site Reinshof of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Georg-August University of Goettingen. The treatments included a reduced spring N fertilization rate (1/2 of current recommendation), N fertilization of 180 kg N ha-1 and oilseed rape straw removal after harvest. N2O sampling was done from oilseed rape harvest to the beginning of the following growth season. The COUP model (Coupled heat and mass transfer model for the soil-plant-atmosphere system) was employed to uncover possible mechanisms of N2O emissions. In 2013, cumulative August-March N2O emissions ranged between 0.46±0.05 kg N2O-N ha-1 (0 kg N ha-1, with straw removal) and 1.05±0.1 kg N2O-N ha-1 (180 kg N ha-1 with straw application) whereas in 2014 N2O emissions were clearly higher accounting for 4.06±0.34 (90 kg N ha-1, with straw application) und 7.33±0.24 kg N2O-N ha-1 (unfertilized control soil with straw incorporation). There was no statistically significant effect of fertilization (p>0.05), but straw removal compared to straw incorporation slightly increased N2O emissions. In contrast to management measures, soil temperature and soil moisture showed a large influence on the rates of N2O emissions. The modeling approach indicated the importance of decomposition activity. Decomposition accelerated N cycling and in particular denitrification rates with high N2O emissions. (3) Field studies in five regions of Germany in a winter oilseed rape – winter wheat – winter barley crop rotation; For a detailed evaluation of N2O emissions in important oilseed rape cropping regions of Germany, 5 field experimental sites across Germany – Berge, Dedelow, Ihinger Hof, Hohenschulen and Merbitz – were chosen. To allow comparability, the crops were grown simultaneously from December 2012 to October 2015. Various parameters like soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) were recorded and N2O emissions were measured in the crops oilseed rape, wheat and barley and yield-related N2O emissions were calculated. To assess the impact of abiotic factors and crops, a generalized additive model was set up. The generalized additive model revealed that the abiotic factors drove N2O emissions. The impact of environmental drivers like temperature and WFPS on N2O emissions varied depending on site, but not by crop type. Fertilizer-related N2O emissions across all five sites were 0.76, 0.74 and 0.76% of the applied fertilizer N for oilseed rape, winter wheat and winter barley, respectively. N2O emissions from non-fertilized soils were not considered in this approach. Generally, the thesis demonstrated the dependence of N2O emissions on a set of factors in the post-harvest period. The factor's level of importance changed as they were varying in magnitude. Management options have to be reevaluated and adopted to fit a changing climate.

At present, one of the main tasks is to obtain high-quality and environmentally friendly phyto-products. The interest of consumers in healthy nutrition is increasing every year. Growing plant products using organic technology is becoming widespread. Among a wide range of economic management, organic agricultural production is the only environmentally friendly method on Earth that does not inflict damage on the environment. Organic production systems are based on specific and precise requirements (standards) for the production process aimed at maintaining the optimal state of the ecosystem at the social, environmental and economic levels. The level of plant damage is controlled naturally, as well as with the help of preventive, biological and other modern scientific methods. Organic agricultural production excludes the use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides, as well as genetically modified organisms and products (substances) derived from them. The developed system for the protection of winter spelt against fungal diseases under organic production is based on biological features of mycoses, introduction of varieties with the least degree of affection by pathogens of fungal etiology, application of optimal systems of soil tilling and fertilizing, sowing time and seed application rates, as well as rational use of effective mixtures of biological preparations and plant growth regulators for seed and crop treatment. Organic protection system involves the following: complex treatment of seeds with biological preparation Agat 25-K, PA (0.04 kg/t) and plant growth regulator Biosyl (0.01 l/t) before sowing; spraying of crops at the 31st stage with a mixture of Agat 25-K, PA (0.03 kg/ha) + Biosyl (0.01 l/ha); the same treatment of crops at the 39th stage; spraying of crops with biological preparation Phytodoctor (2.0 l/ha) at the 60th stage. Under organic production, the winter spelt yield preserved due to a set of protective measures amounts to 0.58-0.67 t/ha or 29.6-33.7%. At the same time, the protein content increases by 0.83% and gluten content by 6.9%.