Abstract
It is anticipated that the penetration of “Green-Energy” vehicles, including Electric Vehicle (EV), Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV), and Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) will keep increasing in next decades. The demand of refueling stations will correspondingly increase for refueling these “Green-Energy” vehicles. While such kinds of “Green-Energy” vehicles can provide both social and economic benefits, effective management of refueling various kinds of these vehicles is necessary to maintain vehicle users’ comfortabilities and refueling station’s return on investment. To tackle these problems, this paper proposes a novel energy management approach for hybrid refueling stations with EV chargers, Hydrogen pumps and gas pumps. Firstly, the detailed models of EV chargers, Hydrogen pumps with electrolyte and hydrogen tank, the gas pumps with gas tank, renewable resources, and battery energy storage systems are established. The forecasting methodologies for renewable energy, electricity price and the traffic flow are also presented to support the hybrid refueling station modeling and operation. Then, a management approach is adopted to manage the refueling various kinds of vehicles with considerations of the refueling station profitability. Finally, the proposed management approach is verified under four different kinds of tariffs- Economy-7, Economy-10, Flat-rate, and Real-Time Pricing (RTP), finding that the proposed management approach has the best performance under RTP tariff. The economic assessment of the Energy Storage System (ESS) is also performed. It is found that the ESS can make the saving up to $127 per day. Different sizes of gas storage tank are compared in the final section as well. The result shows that increasing the size of the tank does not bring attractive extra benefits with the consideration of the investment on enlarging the tank size.
Highlights
The “Green-Energy” vehicle has attracted great interests in recent years
The vehicle refueling demand is related to the traffic flow through the hybrid refueling station
When considering the significant difference of traffic flow during weekday and weekend, the traffic flow is forecasted by SVN, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
Summary
The “Green-Energy” vehicle has attracted great interests in recent years. When compared to conventional fossil-fuel power vehicles, ”Green-Energy” vehicles offer both social and economic benefits, including high energy efficiency, low greenhouse gas emissions, and low fueling cost [1,2]. To the best knowledge of authors, there are little research has been adopted on the operation and economic assessment of refueling stations containing different kinds of charging facilities for EV, FCV, and NGV. Detailed models for the hybrid refueling station including CNG refueling facilities, Hydrogen refueling facilities, EV charging facilities, and energy storage systems are presented in this paper. Operational constraints of these facilities are included, and the EV charging demands are considered.
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