One Health in a globalized world: challenges and responses to zoonotic threats

BackgroundHunters, vendors, and consumers are key actors in the wildlife trade value chain in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, and potentially face an elevated risk of exposure to zoonotic diseases. Understanding the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) associated with the risk of zoonotic disease transmission in these communities is therefore critical for developing recommendations to prevent or mitigate zoonotic outbreaks in the future.MethodsQualitative and quantitative methods were combined to understand KAP associated zoonotic diseases transmission risk in communities involved in the wildlife trade in North Sulawesi. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured ethnographic interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) while quantitative data were collected using questionnaires. We conducted 46 ethnographic interviews and 2 FGDs in 2016, and 477 questionnaire administrations in 2017–2018 in communities from five districts in North Sulawesi. We also collected biological specimens, including nasal swab, oropharyngeal swab, and blood, from 254 participants. The study sites were targeted based on known wildlife consumption and trade activities. The participants for qualitative data collection were purposively selected while participants for quantitative data collection were randomly selected. Biological samples were tested for five viral families including Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae.ResultsKnowledge regarding disease transmission from animals to humans was similar across the participants in qualitative focus groups, including knowledge of rabies and bird flu as zoonotic diseases. However, only a small fraction of the participants from the quantitative group (1%) considered that contact with wild animals could cause sickness. Our biological specimen testing identified a single individual (1/254, 0.004%) who was sampled in 2018 with serological evidence of sarbecovirus exposure. Overall, participants were aware of some level of risk in working with open wounds while slaughtering or butchering an animal (71%) but most did not know what the specific risks were. However, significant differences in the attitudes or beliefs around zoonotic disease risk and health seeking behaviors were observed across our study sites in North Sulawesi.ConclusionsOur study showed variable levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with the risk of zoonotic disease transmission among study participants. These findings can be used to develop locally responsive recommendations to mitigate zoonotic disease transmission.

Zoonotic diseases cause repeated outbreaks in humans globally. The majority of emerging infections in humans are zoonotic. COVID‐19 is an ideal example of a recently identified emerging zoonotic disease, causing a global pandemic. Anthropogenic factors such as modernisation of agriculture and livestock farming, wildlife hunting, the destruction of wild animal habitats, mixing wild and domestic animals, wildlife trading, changing food habits and urbanisation could drive the emergence of zoonotic diseases in humans. Since 2001, Bangladesh has been reporting many emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks such as nipah, highly pathogenic avian influenza, pandemic H1N1, and COVID‐19. There are many other potential zoonotic pathogens such as Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Kyasanur forest disease virus and Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever that may emerge in the future. However, we have a limited understanding of zoonotic diseases’ overall risk in humans and associated factors that drive the emergence of zoonotic pathogens. This narrative review summarised the major emerging, re‐emerging, neglected and other potential zoonotic diseases in Bangladesh and their associated risk factors. Nipah virus and Bacillus anthracis caused repeated outbreaks in humans. More than 300 human cases with Nipah virus infection were reported since the first outbreak in 2001. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) caused more than 550 outbreaks in poultry, and eight human cases were reported so far since 2007. People of Bangladesh are frequently exposed to zoonotic pathogens due to close interaction with domestic and peri‐domestic animals. The rapidly changing intensified animal–human–ecosystem interfaces and risky practices increase the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. The narrative review's findings are useful to draw attention to the risk and emergence of zoonotic diseases to public health policymakers in Bangladesh and the application of one‐health approach to address this public health threat.

The One Health (OH) approach mobilises collaboration among sectors, disciplines, and communities to foster health and well-being and tackle health, livelihood, and ecosystem threats. The complex interplay between multiple stakeholders and multiscale institutions requires leadership and governance systems to coordinate collaborative operations. However, while many governance systems for OH coordination mechanisms (OHCMs) emerged at global and national levels, these are lacking for regional OH coordination mechanisms (ROHCMs). Showcasing the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) region, a qualitative analysis of online interviews and surveys of 42 national, regional, and international informants from the multiscale human-, animal-, and environmental public health sectors was conducted to develop a governance structure for a ROHCM. Information on regional OH understandings, setups, expectations, governance structures, working procedures, and an OH Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis was collected. The findings on governance structures were validated at three regional meetings and consolidated in the ECOWAS regional OH governance manual. The results show that OH is recognised and endorsed in the region. Multiple regional OH governance models are conceivable in the ECOWAS context. ECOWAS coordinates OH operations through established national OH platforms. However, it faces challenges in implementing OH operations due to legal issues, a lack of resources, strategies, and regional governance. The findings show capacity asymmetry and divergence of expectations concerning OH governance between the public-, animal-, and environmental health sectors. This requires a political dialogue translating the current science-driven results into common grounds for OH policy implementation. Furthermore, a gap in familiarity with the OH approach was observed between the international, regional, and national levels. This work highlights the importance of partnerships between researchers, policy makers, and funders to co-develop regional OH governance structures and guide further regions embarking on this process. One Health impact statement Due to multiple zoonotic diseases and antimicrobial resistance as events of global concern, the One Health approach is perceived internationally as a guiding principle for improved pandemic prevention and preparedness. However, with the high level of complexity that comes with coordination, collaboration and communication across different disciplines and sectors, including the private sector and civil society, implementing One Health encounters challenges if not picked up by appropriate governance, meaning official coordination and communication structures. Research on establishing this governance, including all relevant One Health sectors and disciplines, and leading to evidence-based policy documents, is in high demand. This work aims to foster sustainable One Health structures and their implementation in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to benefit the region, member states, the communities within, and the global One Health community.

Brazil's COVID-19 response

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a global health concern, causing chronic inflammation that can lead to gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric adenocarcinoma. While H. pylori primarily colonizes the human stomach, evidence suggests potential zoonotic transmission and its presence in various animal species. This highlights the need for a One Health approach to understand its epidemiology and control. Objective: This study aims to explore the role of animals as reservoirs for H. pylori, examine interspecies transmission dynamics, and assess the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health in the context of H. pylori infection. Additionally, it evaluates the implications of antimicrobial resistance and proposes strategies for surveillance and management. Method: A comprehensive review of recent studies was conducted, focusing on zoonotic pathways, environmental factors influencing H. pylori transmission, and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The study integrates findings from human medicine, veterinary science, and environmental health under the One Health framework. Result: Humans remain the primary reservoir for H. pylori, but evidence of zoonotic transmission underscores the importance of animals as potential secondary hosts. Environmental factors, including contaminated water and poor sanitation, contribute to transmission. The misuse of antibiotics in human medicine and agriculture accelerates antimicrobial resistance, complicating treatment strategies. Conclusion: Understanding H. pylori within the One Health framework is essential to address its multifaceted transmission dynamics and control challenges. Collaborative efforts across human, veterinary, and environmental health sectors are vital for effective surveillance, prevention, and antimicrobial stewardship. Integrating these strategies can promote the health and welfare of individuals and ecosystems globally.

Each year, the WHO African Region experiences over 100 health emergencies, representing approximately 70% of the global total. Notably, more than 75% of emerging infectious diseases in humans are of zoonotic origin, underscoring the critical need for integrated approaches to disease prevention and control. The "One Health" approach—recognized as a cornerstone of global health security—seeks to enhance the world's capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats by fostering collaboration across human, animal, and environmental health sectors. In the Central African Republic (CAR), incremental progress has been made in operationalizing the One Health framework. Key advancements include: Capacity-building initiatives aimed at improving understanding and operational uptake of the One Health concept across relevant sectors; Multisectoral and multidisciplinary coordination mechanisms for the surveillance of epidemic-prone diseases and public health emergency response, led respectively by the Directorate of Epidemiological Surveillance and the Public Health Emergency Operations Center (COUSP); Risk communication and information-sharing, notably through the publication of a monthly One Health bulletin that reports on surveillance, preparedness, and response activities related to public health emergencies. This bulletin is disseminated via multisectoral digital platforms such as WhatsApp groups. Despite these achievements, critical gaps remain in areas such as sustainable capacity building, institutional governance, and strategic planning. Strengthening these components is essential to fully operationalize the One Health approach and enhance national health security in the Central African Republic (CAR).

The pandemic legacy of antimicrobial resistance in the USA

Illegal wildlife trade is a major concern not only for conservation and animal welfare but also for public health. Human interaction with wild animals increases the risk of zoonotic disease transmission, while exposure of wildlife to humans and domestic animals poses additional threats to biodiversity through the spread of infectious diseases. This issue is particularly critical in tropical, biodiversity-rich countries like Ecuador, often low- and middle-income nations where resources for conservation are limited. In the absence of official data on illegal wildlife trafficking in Ecuador, several non-profit organizations work in collaboration with the Ministry of the Environment to combat this trade and rehabilitate rescued animals, with the ultimate goal of returning them to their natural habitats. In this study, we addressed for the first time in Ecuador the occurrence of three endemic zoonotic pathogens that cause reproductive problems (Leptospira spp., Brucella spp., and Coxiella burnetii) in wild mammals. A total number of 28 individuals from 15 different species, including primates and felines, were included. All the animals tested positive for antibodies against Leptospira spp., and a great diversity of antibodies against pathogenic serovars was found. Moreover, 7.4 % CI: (2.0 %–22.6 %) and 3.7 % CI: (0.6 %–17.7 %) of the animals tested were positive for antibodies against C. burnetii and Brucella spp., respectively. Our results show that wild mammals are a reservoir for leptospirosis in Ecuador. Also, there is a risk of transmission of C. burnetii and Brucella spp. from domestic animals to wildlife and vice versa, associated with anthropogenic activities like farming, as those pathogens have a high prevalence in cattle and dogs in Ecuador. In conclusion, wildlife illegal traffic represents a threat to conservation, animal welfare, and public health issues that need to be managed with One Health-inspired policies, like educational programs warning about the risk of wildlife possession for humans and domestic animals.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bovine mastitis has become an increasing concern for public and veterinary health, compromising the effectiveness of conventional treatments and raising management costs. Mastitis is primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, pathogens that have shown increasing resistance to common antibiotics such as penicillin and tetracycline. The One Health approach, integrating human, animal, and environmental health sectors, emerges as an effective strategy to combat resistance and improve treatment efficacy. This study systematically reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2025, utilizing PubMed, BIREME and SciELO databases, aiming to assess how the One Health approach impacts AMR in mastitis and explore sustainable therapeutic alternatives. A total of 19 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected, addressing the prevalence of AMR in mastitis pathogens as well as the application of vaccines and phytotherapies as alternatives to antibiotic use. Results showed that resistance primarily increased due to excessive antibiotic use, while the One Health approach was found promising in controlling resistance by integrating veterinary, public health, and environmental practices. Additionally, sustainable alternatives such as vaccines and phytotherapies proved effective in reducing resistance without introducing new resistance issues. This study concludes that the implementation of the One Health approach, combined with sustainable alternatives, offers an effective model for controlling antimicrobial resistance in bovine mastitis. However, it is important to highlight the scarcity of in-depth studies on the long-term efficacy and viability of sustainable therapeutic alternatives. The lack of robust data limits the application of these solutions in the field and emphasizes the urgent need for new studies to confirm their effectiveness on a large scale. The implementation of public policies encouraging collaboration among human, animal, and environmental health sectors is also essential to optimize outcomes in managing antimicrobial resistance.

Zoonoses, diseases naturally transmitted between vertebrates and humans, represent significant global health threats. These diseases not only affect human health but also impose a considerable burden on animal populations, emphasizing the need for a One Health approach that integrates strategies across human, animal, and environmental health sectors. The socioeconomic impacts of zoonoses are profound in low- and middle-income countries, disrupting production systems, impacting livelihoods, and compromising food security. Populations in these regions are excessively affected, highlighting the urgent need for a comprehensive approach. The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) quantifies disease burden in terms of morbidity and mortality. The zoonotic DALY (zDALY) expands this metric by incorporating the burden on animals through the ‘animal loss equivalents’, accounting for both fatal and non-fatal outcomes in livestock. However, zDALYs do not encompass broader economic impacts associated with prevention and treatment. Cost of illness (COI) studies further quantify the financial costs due to health issues; ad hoc approaches can be used to quantify other costs related to animal disease control and eradication, trade and movement Implications, or loss of consumer confidence. While few zoonoses, such as cystic echinococcosis and brucellosis, have comprehensive data across these metrics, most do not. While these metrics provide complementary insights, no holistic metric currently encompasses all necessary aspects to fully assess the burden of zoonoses within a One Health framework. This presentation aims to offer state-of-the-art estimates of the disease burdens of zoonoses, employing DALY, zDALY, and COI studies. It will explore how to integrate these metrics from a One Health perspective. Indeed, only by integrating health and economic metrics that consider the well-being of humans and animals, can the One Health approach effectively be developed for zoonotic diseases.

This article delves into the realm of public health policies through the lens of One Health approach, through multi sectorial integration focusing on public health events related to climate change. Isiolo county serves as a pertinent backdrop, experiencing the emergence and re-emergence of diseases such as Covid-19, Rift Valley Fever (RVF), Yellow fever, and Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), amidst climatic changes such as drought and erratic rainfall patterns. The region's challenging terrain, arid conditions, and socio-economic vulnerabilities with poverty index at 72.5% and GAM rate of 17.8%, agricultural adversities, leading to decreased crop yields and heightened livestock mortality rates. One Health approach is pivotal in addressing health challenges comprehensively and promoting holistic well-being. The approach aims to control diseases, ensure food safety, and enhance community resilience by integrating veterinary, Environment (rangeland health) and human health sectors, The operationalization is mixed-methods cross-sectional and longitudinal designed to reach vulnerable communities in remote areas. An effective strategy necessitates collaboration among veterinary, environmental, and human health sectors, exemplified by a multi-sectoral response effort initiated during the Rift Valley Fever outbreak in November 2020. This effort involved various stakeholders such as the National Zoonotic Disease Unit, HEAL partners, and government departments. Capacity building of key community actors and Health care workers emerged as a crucial strategy, with emphasis on hygiene practices, prevention of zoonotic diseases, weather forecasting, and environmental conservation. Result showcase significant progress, including improved disease surveillance and prevention efforts, with improved referrals for diagnosis and treatment. One Health integrated outreach programs address socio-economic challenges, reaching thousands of households for both human and animal health. The County has a comprehensive five-year one health strategic plan aligned to the County integrated development plan. Analysis highlights achievements such as the development of a training manual and MOU of the three directorates. Lesson learned underscores the importance of multisectoral coordination, collaboration, capacity building and effective communication for One Health operationalization. Keywords: One Health, public health events, public health policies, collaboration, multidisciplinary, multisectoral coordination, One Health framework.

Rodents are recognized as significant reservoirs for a broad range of zoonotic pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, many of which have substantial implications for human and animal health. The intensifying interaction between humans and rodent populations, fuelled by urbanization, climate change, and global trade, has amplified the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. This review compiles and examines current knowledge on key rodent-borne bacterial diseases, including leptospirosis, rat-bite fever, plague, salmonellosis, tularemia, Lyme disease, rickettsioses, Babesiosis, and associated parasitic infections such as toxoplasmosis and Chagas disease. Each disease is analyzed in terms of its etiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, and treatment options, with a particular focus on the impact of environmental changes. Emphasizing a One Health perspective, this work highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to the surveillance, prevention, and control of rodent-borne zoonoses, particularly in the context of increasing climate variability and anthropogenic pressures.

Introduction: The One Health approach offers a promising framework for addressing the intertwined challenges of human health, animal health, and the environment, essential for achieving sustainable development. Understanding the specific insights gained from implementing this approach in Bangladesh will not only contribute to the local context but also provide valuable lessons for other regions facing similar challenges. By promoting collaboration and integration, the One Health approach has the potential to pave the way for a sustainable and resilient future for Bangladesh and contribute to global efforts towards sustainable development. Methods: A literature search was conducted on open access databases like PubMed Central, Scopus, Web of Science, using relevant keywords and search terms. Open access articles, including research papers, review articles, and other publications related to the topic were collected. Each article was critically evaluated, taking into consideration factors such as the quality of the research, the credibility of the authors, and the impact of the publication. Findings: The One Health approach in Bangladesh has led to the establishment of effective surveillance systems, early detection mechanisms, and rapid response strategies for infectious diseases and zoonotic outbreaks. This has greatly contributed to preventing and managing public health crises. Bangladesh has successfully implemented the One Health approach to address health challenges impacting humans and animals. Through collaboration between human and animal health sectors, the country has effectively controlled zoonotic diseases, such as avian influenza and Nipah virus. The integration of veterinary and agricultural sectors has improved food safety by addressing the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. The One Health approach in Bangladesh aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being), Goal 2 (Zero Hunger), and Goal 15 (Life on Land). Bangladesh's success exemplifies the importance of recognizing the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health for sustainable development. Conclusion: The One Health strategy has shown to be an effective foundation for encouraging sustainable development. It acknowledges the linkages between the health of people, animals, and the environment and offers insightful solutions to difficult problems. Bangladesh has achieved considerable success in utilizing the power of One Health to create a healthier population, healthy ecosystems, and a more sustainable future. This achievement has been made possible by cooperation between government organizations, researchers, medical professionals, and local communities. Introduction: The One Health approach offers a promising framework for addressing the intertwined challenges of human health, animal health, and the environment, essential for achieving sustainable development. Understanding the specific insights gained from implementing this approach in Bangladesh will not only contribute to the local context but also provide valuable lessons for other regions facing similar challenges. By promoting collaboration and integration, the One Health approach has the potential to pave the way for a sustainable and resilient future for Bangladesh and contribute to global efforts towards sustainable development. Methods: A literature search was conducted on open access databases like PubMed Central, Scopus, Web of Science, using relevant keywords and search terms. Open access articles, including research papers, review articles, and other publications related to the topic were collected. Each article was critically evaluated, taking into consideration factors such as the quality of the research, the credibility of the authors, and the impact of the publication. Findings: The One Health approach in Bangladesh has led to the establishment of effective surveillance systems, early detection mechanisms, and rapid response strategies for infectious diseases and zoonotic outbreaks. This has greatly contributed to preventing and managing public health crises. Bangladesh has successfully implemented the One Health approach to address health challenges impacting humans and animals. Through collaboration between human and animal health sectors, the country has effectively controlled zoonotic diseases, such as avian influenza and Nipah virus. The integration of veterinary and agricultural sectors has improved food safety by addressing the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. The One Health approach in Bangladesh aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being), Goal 2 (Zero Hunger), and Goal 15 (Life on Land). Bangladesh's success exemplifies the importance of recognizing the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health for sustainable development. Conclusion: The One Health strategy has shown to be an effective foundation for encouraging sustainable development. It acknowledges the linkages between the health of people, animals, and the environment and offers insightful solutions to difficult problems. Bangladesh has achieved considerable success in utilizing the power of One Health to create a healthier population, healthy ecosystems, and a more sustainable future. This achievement has been made possible by cooperation between government organizations, researchers, medical professionals, and local communities.

IntroductionThe wildlife trade is an important arena for intervention in the prevention of emerging zoonoses, and leading organisations have advocated for more collaborative, multi-sectoral approaches to governance in this area. The aim of this study is to characterise the structure and function of the network of transnational organisations that interact around the governance of wildlife trade for the prevention of emerging zoonoses, and to assess these network characteristics in terms of how they might support or undermine progress on these issues.MethodsThis study used a mixed methods social network analysis of transnational organisations. Data were collected between May 2021 and September 2022. Participants were representatives of transnational organisations involved in the governance of wildlife trade and the prevention of emerging zoonoses. An initial seed sample of participants was purposively recruited through professional networks, and snowball sampling was used to identify additional participants. Quantitative data were collected through an online network survey. Measures of centrality (degree, closeness, and betweenness) were calculated and the network’s largest clique was identified and characterised. To understand the extent to which organisations were connected across sectors, homophily by sector was assessed using exponential random graph modelling. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The findings from the quantitative analysis informed the focus of the qualitative analysis. Qualitative data were explored using thematic analysis.ResultsThirty-seven participants completed the network survey and 17 key informants participated in semi-structured interviews. A total of 69 organisations were identified as belonging to this network. Organisations spanned the animal, human, and environmental health sectors, among others including trade, food and agriculture, and crime. Organisation types included inter-governmental organisations, non-governmental organisations, treaty secretariats, research institutions, and network organisations. Participants emphasised the highly inter-sectoral nature of this topic and the importance of inter-sectoral work, and connections were present across existing sectors. However, there were many barriers to effective interaction, particularly conflicting goals and agendas. Power dynamics also shaped relationships between actors, with the human health sector seen as better resourced and more influential, despite having historically lower engagement than the environmental and animal health sectors around the wildlife trade and its role in emerging zoonoses.ConclusionThe network of transnational organisations focused on the governance of wildlife trade and the prevention of emerging zoonoses is highly multi-sectoral, but despite progress catalysed by the COVID-19 pandemic, barriers still exist for inter-sectoral interaction and coordination. A One Health approach to governance at this level, which has gained traction throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, was shared as a promising mechanism to support a balancing of roles and agendas in this space. However, this must involve agreement around equity, priorities, and clear goal setting to support effective action.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become an emerging multifactorial and complex issue globally in both livestock and public health, especially more health risk in low-income countries including Bangladesh. The antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) that confer resistance are transmitted and circulated within humans, animals, and the environment. Both the complex AMR and ‘One Health’ connect humans, animals, and the environment, which needs to be effectively addressed in all three interconnected domains of health. This article gives a comprehensive review of the antibiotic era, beginning from the discovery of the first antibiotics until the present-day situation including multidrug resistance (MDR) status with special reference to Bangladesh within the ‘One Health’ concept. Objectives: This comprehensive review was carried out to describe an updated overview of AMR and associated risk factors in livestock and human health within one health approach in Bangladesh. Methods: Review and research articles (n = 315) related to AMR published from Bangladesh (n = 156) and elsewhere (n = 159) in English language have been reviewed through Google search including, Cross-Ref, PubMade, and Bangladesh Journals online by using possible relevant keywords to identify the articles. Findings of antibiotic discovery and mode of action, development of resistance and its mechanism, drivers and risk factors, and measures against AMR including the ‘One Health’ approach have been reviewed and analyzed Results: This review of AMR beginning from the discovery of the first antibiotic penicillin until the present-day situation with the ‘One Health’ approach has been reviewed based on 315 published research reports and their data are analyzed and presented in 51 tables with a high prevalence of AMR in both human and veterinary medicine and their results are discussed. Antimicrobials have diverse applications in different fields including aquaculture, livestock and crop production, and the prevention and treatment of human and livestock diseases, and overuse and misuse of antibiotics lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that persist in the affected hosts and their environment. These resistant bacteria are shared between livestock and humans through food and environmental exposure. These resistant bacteria usually persist and circulate through contaminated environments associated with a significant threat to human and animal health. The antibiotic-resistant bacteria contain resistant genes that act as primary drivers (risk factors) which can transfer naturally or through human activities. Surveillance and rapid detection of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are essential for judicious use of appropriate antibiotics only when necessary and preventing transmission of resistant bacteria will certainly help to prevent the AMR. Conclusions: A high prevalence of AMR, especially in most antibiotics, has been reported from Bangladesh with limited routine antibiogram surveillance reports. Although 178 countries have developed national action plans, fewer than a fifth are funded or implemented. However, several international organizations including WHO, FAO, and World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH/OIE) have now included a ‘One Health’ approach within their action plans to address AMR, which action program would be required in medium and low-income countries including Bangladesh where the highest percentage of AMR occurs in both human and veterinary patients. The ‘One Health’ approach is important for AMR because resistant pathogens can spread quickly through livestock and human healthcare facilities, food, and environment (soil and water), making the treatment and prevention of certain infections shared between livestock and humans more challenging, and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. The judicial use of antimicrobials based on better regulation and policy, improved surveillance, stewardship, infection control, livestock husbandry practices, and finding new antibiotics and alternatives to antimicrobials including vaccines should be included in the action plan to prevent and spread the AMR in the environment. It may be concluded that the collaboration among human, livestock, and environmental health sectors by adopting a ‘One Health’ approach is important to achieve sustainable and long-lasting results.