On the technology of processing of manganese wastes from ore concentration: metallization of granulated manganese pellets via low-temperature roasting

The relevance of the research is environmental management is the basis for natural resources conservation, environmental protection and environmental safety. Meanwhile, it is important to use the best available technologies for neutralization and processing of production and consumption waste in addition to observance of the legal and environmental rules. Waste management of production and consumption is one of the main directions of the transition to a circular economy and the use of low-waste and non-waste production, which has recently been actively demonstrated by developed countries. The main aim of extrusive processing of meat waste is considered. Extrusive processing of waste - an effective solution of problems of rational environmental management as allows to make in addition secondary resources products, thereby realizing the principles of economy of the closed cycle; and considerably to reduce environmental pollution due to refusal of burning and waste disposal of livestock production and the meat-processing enterprises. Subject, tasks and methods of a research is processing of meat waste which call still biological waste and which are formed, generally in livestock production and at the meat-processing enterprises. One of perspective technologies of high-quality processing of waste is extrusive processing. Research results confirm that In Russia outdated neutralization and recycling of agro-industrial waste technologies lead to the loss of resources. Moreover they have a significant negative impact on the environment. This article deals with the method of extrusion recycling of meat waste. Extrusion recycling of waste is an effective solution to the environmental management problems, as additionally it allows to produce products from secondary resources, thereby the principles of closed-cycle economy are implemented, and significantly reduce environmental pollution by eliminating the burning and disposal of animal waste and meat processing plants. Thus, use of extrusive technologies will allow not only to make waste products, to get additional profit, but also to prevent pollution of air, water and land resources harmful substances, providing thereby rational environmental management, and will form a basis of transition to circular economy which formation is impossible without environmental safety.

Existing processing technologies for iron-ore wastes are analyzed. For the Kemorovo region, it makes sense to employ a processing technology with products corresponding to local requirements. Effective technologies may be combined to meet the full set of requirements. The formulation of waste-processing options is considered. Various proposals are developed for stepwise processing of iron-ore wastes, with the extraction of useful components by chemical methods, restoration of the damaged landscape, and the creation of recreation areas on the reclaimed land. Recommendations are developed for year-round processing of iron-ore wastes by chemical methods, even in winter. Maps are presented for the processing of ore tailings, with stepwise restoration of the reclaimed land. The number of stages selected will depend on the investment required and the annual throughput of the waste-processing system, with the possibility of simultaneous restoration of several sections. After complete removal of the iron-ore wastes from the tailings stores, preparations begin for the development of recreation areas: offers are solicited for the design of the recreation zones, the dismantling and sale of equipment, buildings, and other structures, the restoration of the ground cover, laying of turf, and planting of trees and shrubs. Restoration of the territory may run in parallel with processing of the waste. The recreation areas go into operation after the elimination of the waste. Scilab software is used for mathematical simulation of the waste-processing proposals for the Kemerovo region, with evaluation of its effectiveness in the following terms: economic benefit; restoration of damaged land; pollutant burden; population of the affected regions with standard socioeconomic indices; and prevention of public-health impairments. By graphical means, the Pareto-optimal solutions are selected from among the various proposals. The best Pareto-optimal solutions are selected on the basis of ranking in terms of public health and environmental safety (low, moderate, and high) in the Kemerovo region.

Russia possesses a high potential for resource growth and platinoid reserves, and technogenic waste of complex ore processing can become a considerable part of the process in the near future. It is practical to take into account impounded mill tailings of sulphide copper-nickel ores, old pyrrhotine concentrates (OPC), impounded magnetite concentrates and slag-dust dumps of the mining and metallurgical company “Norilsk Nickel” (MMC NN), as well as technogenic platinum-metal chromite placer deposits of Ural and Aldan. In spite of big volumes, secondary resources are characterized by unstable content of PGM and nonferrous metals. The forms of finding platinum group metals are so that raw material is difficult to be processed by conventional technological schemes. At that production cost of PGM extraction from technogenic deposits sometimes can be lower than when concentration of initial ores and sands, whereas the cost intensive operations connected with mining, crushing, grinding and classification are excluded from the processing chain.

Sewage systems are one of the main sources of pollution of land and water bodies. Expensive reagents, high energy consumption and formation of explosive gases are disadvantages of old technologies of processing of sludge waste water.The article examines the possibility of processing of sludge treatment facilities at the pilot plant microwave thermolysis for the purpose of its utilization and obtaining of commodity products. The installation is part of the existing plant for the processing of waste. Determination of technological parameters is carried out, the material balance of the process is composed. The use of microwave radiation shortens the time of decomposition of the sludge compared to the traditional method, reduces the volume of recyclable substances, neutralizes and clears it from pathogens. The resulting carbon residue can be used as fuel or as road construction material. The current system of gas treatment makes the process environmentally safe.

Статья посвящена актуальной для горно-металлургической промышленности проблеме, обусловленной снижением качества минерально-сырьевой базы и ростом затрат на переработку руд. Проведен анализ системных проблем горнодобывающей отрасли, выявлены направления решения поставленных проблем. Технологическая эффективность обогащения твердых полезных ископаемых определяется в общем случае тремя детерминированными и стохастическими факторами: содержанием и минеральной формой ценного компонента в исходной руде, ее контрастностью перед разделением и способностью аппарата селективно сортировать поток руды на обогащенный и обедненный продукты. Однако контрастность не является однозначным критерием эффективности предварительного обогащения руд цветных и драгоценных металлов. В связи с этим применение феноменологического подхода к разработке промышленных технологий обогащения на основе корреляционной связи контрастности и обогатимости ограничено случаями низких содержаний ценного компонента и высокой селективностью сортировки потока руды обогатительным аппаратом. Установлены критерии целесообразности применения технологии предварительного обогащения для конкретной руды. Оценена величина повышения эффективности производства товарных концентратов при совместном применении технологий предварительного и глубокого обогащения. В современных условиях ужесточения экологических требований горнодобывающие предприятия вынуждены модернизировать производственные мощности. Технология предварительного обогащения наиболее доступна из имеющихся технологий, позволяющих снизить экологическую нагрузку за счет снижения количества мелкодисперсных отходов, переизмельчения, применения реагентов. Применение предложенных критериев оценки целесообразности внедрения технологии предварительного обогащения конкретных руд позволит повысить полноту извлечения ценных компонентов, снизить экологическую нагрузку, повысить эффективность горнодобывающей отрасли. The article is devoted to a topical issue of the mining and metallurgical industry, caused by a decrease in the quality of the mineral resource base and an increase in the cost of ore processing. The analysis of the systemic problems of the mining industry is carried out; directions for solving the problems posed are identified. The technological efficiency of enrichment of solid minerals is generally determined by three deterministic and stochastic factors: the content and mineral form of the valuable component in the original ore, its contrast before separation, and the ability of the apparatus to selectively sort the ore flow into enriched and depleted products. The contrast is not an unambiguous criterion for the efficiency of preliminary concentration of non-ferrous and precious metal ores. In this regard, the application of a phenomenological approach to the development of industrial processing technologies based on the correlation between contrast and washability is limited to cases of low contents of the valuable component and high selectivity of sorting the ore flow by the dressing apparatus. The criteria for the expediency of applying the pre-enrichment, technology for a particular ore have been established. The magnitude of the increase in the efficiency of the production of commercial concentrates with the combined use of technologies of preliminary and deep concentration is estimated. In modern conditions of stricter environmental requirements, mining enterprises are forced to modernize their production facilities. Introduction of pre-enrichment technology is the most accessible of the available technologies, allowing to reduce the environmental load by reducing the amount of fine waste, over-grinding, and the use of reagents. Application of the proposed criteria for assessing the feasibility of preliminary concentration of specific ores will increase the completeness of extraction of valuable components, reduce the environmental load, and increase the efficiency of the mining industry.

The problem of man-made waste processing remains one of the most urgent in the world, since none of the known technologies for processing and destruction of waste fully meets the requirements of consumers. One of the safest technologies for processing and destruction of man-made waste is considered to be the use of low-temperature arc plasma. However, until now there is no widespread industrial application of plasma processing of industrial wastes. The main scientific and technical problem arising at practical implementation of plasma gasification of organic raw materials is high specific energy consumption. According to open information sources, an analysis was conducted and it was determined confirmed, that the development of technology for plasma processing of organic waste proceeds along the path of reducing specific energy consumption and heat loss, increasing the service life of electrodes and caloric content of the resulting synthesis gas.

The extraction of copper from sulfidic copper ores through the agency of acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria, e.g., Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, has become an industrially accepted technology in mining and mineral processing, especially for low-grade ore, and is now also receiving serious consideration for high-grade ores and ore concentrates (see chapters 2–6 and also Rossi,1 Ehrlich and Brierley2).Other commercially successful applications of bioleaching have been in the in situ extraction of uranium from some uranium ores, and in the biobeneficiation of precious metal ores, especially sulfidic gold ores. A potential exists for the microbial extraction of base metals besides iron and copper from sulfidic and other types of ores, but none of these processes have so far found commercial application. Among the reasons for lack of commercial exploitation of these processes have been a preconception that some may be technically difficult to run on an industrial scale and/or that their economics are unfavorable. Other reasons include considerations of limited size of pertinent mineral reserves and future demand for a particular metal.3 As stricter environmental laws dealing with control of atmospheric, water, and soil pollution that results from conventional extraction by pyro- and hydrometallurgy are enacted, many processes of base metal extraction by bioleaching currently viewed as unattractive economically are likely to become competitive with the conventional processes, especially if the efficiency of these bioleaching processes can be further improved.

Review on advances in mineral processing technologies suitable for critical metal recovery from mining and processing wastes

2 - Radioactive waste (RAW) categories, characterization and processing route selection

As a result of the extraction, processing, transportation and storage of oil, oil waste is formed, which are carriers of valuable products. The processing of these wastes makes it possible to obtain alternative energy sources in the form of fuel components, thereby making the oil and gas industry more sustainable, stabilizing the load on it. This article is devoted to the analysis of modern technologies for the thermal processing of hydrocarbon waste. An overview of existing technologies for handling organic waste is presented. The main advantages of thermal methods of processing and utilization are highlighted. Their advantages and disadvantages are given in general terms. It was revealed that the most promising method is thermal destruction due to the advantages of the purity of the feedstock. Modern technical solutions of each of the technologies are analyzed. A complex installation for thermal destruction with intensifying devices is presented. It has been established that the use of various intensifying devices in modern reactor equipment can increase the efficiency of thermal destruction. Keywords: hydrocarbon waste; oily sludge; modern technologies; thermal methods; alternative sources; thermal destruction; reactor.

Mineralogical characterization of the Hakkari nonsulfide Zn(Pb) deposit (Turkey): The benefits of QEMSCAN®

Within the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Technology Innovation and Development, the Office of Waste Processing manages a research and development program related to the treatment and disposition of radioactive waste. At the Savannah River (South Carolina) and Hanford (Washington) Sites, approximately 90 million gallons of waste are distributed among 226 storage tanks (grouped or collocated in “tank farms”). This waste may be considered to contain mixed and stratified high activity and low activity constituent waste liquids, salts and sludges that are collectively managed as high level waste (HLW). A large majority of these wastes and associated facilities are unique to the DOE, meaning many of the programs to treat these materials are “first-of-a-kind” and unprecedented in scope and complexity. As a result, the technologies required to disposition these wastes must be developed from basic principles, or require significant reengineering to adapt to DOE’s specific applications. Of particular interest recently, the development of In-tank or At-Tank separation processes have the potential to treat waste with high returns on financial investment. The primary objective associated with In-Tank or At-Tank separation processes is to accelerate waste processing. Insertion of the technologies will (1) maximize available tank space to efficiently support permanent waste disposition including vitrification; (2) treat problematic waste prior to transfer to the primary processing facilities at either site (i.e., Hanford’s Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) or Savannah River’s Salt Waste Processing Facility (SWPF)); and (3) create a parallel treatment process to shorten the overall treatment duration. This paper will review the status of several of the R&D projects being developed by the U.S. DOE including insertion of the ion exchange (IX) technologies, such as Small Column Ion Exchange (SCIX) at Savannah River. This has the potential to align the salt and sludge processing life cycle, thereby reducing the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) mission by 7 years. Additionally at the Hanford site, problematic waste streams, such as high boehmite and phosphate wastes, could be treated prior to receipt by WTP and thus dramatically improve the capacity of the facility to process HLW. Treatment of boehmite by continuous sludge leaching (CSL) before receipt by WTP will dramatically reduce the process cycle time for the WTP pretreatment facility, wile treatment of posphate will significantly reduce the number of HLW borosilicate glass canisters produced at the WTP. These and other promising technologies will be discussed.

Wastes from different food processing sectors are reviewed in terms of their availability, quality, and current utilizations. Technologies for value-added processing of different food wastes into bioenergy and biochemical products are briefly discussed. Part of food wastes is currently processed as animal feeds and organic fertilizers. Large amounts of solid food wastes are buried in landfills, while liquid food wastes are released into public sewer systems. High transport and landfill costs and strict governmental regulations have led to alternative utilization of food processing wastes. The selection of an appropriate process to recover materials and energy from food wastes largely depends on the characteristics of the waste, the desired forms of bioenergy and bioproducts, and the economical feasibility. Food processing wastes from fruits, vegetables, and grains contain large amounts of primary metabolites of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates and a broad range of high-value bioactive compounds of phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Extraction techniques have been widely investigated to obtain valuable natural compounds from plant-based processing wastes. Wet plant-based food processing wastes, which are rich in sugars, vitamins, and minerals, have been used to produce fuel alcohols, organic acids, biodegradable polymers, enzymes, antioxidants, and vitamins in biological processes. Wet food processing wastes such as slaughterhouse wastes, fruit and vegetable processing wastes, and food processing wastewater are suitable for the production of biogas and hydrogen through anaerobic digestion. Non-edible oil cakes, which are rich in protein, have been used to adjust the carbon to nitrogen ratio of feedstocks in anaerobic digestion. Dry food processing wastes, such as rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, and oilseed cakes, can be used to supply heat and power in food processing facilities through combustion and produce gaseous fuels through gasification and liquid bio-oil through pyrolysis. Meat processing wastes have high contents of protein and fat. Animal fats and grease are potential feedstocks for biodiesel production.

The paper presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies into the development of scientific and methodological bases of environmentally-driven resource-saving technologies for mining waste processing. It is shown that the logic of reconstructing the natural cycles of natural resource equilibrium requires the inclusion of large-tonnage wastes in the status of their technogenic mineral resources in highly efficient, resource-efficient processing, which determines the need to develop innovative technologies for processing wastes very diverse in composition and properties within the framework of the principle of a systematic approach. The methodological basis of theoretical development of new environmentally oriented technologies for waste processing defines the method of scientific knowledge as an ascent from the abstract to the concrete and the construction of technologies according to the developed general algorithm. In accordance with the general methodological approach being developed, technologies have been developed for processing certain types of mining waste - off-balance copper ores from the dump, stale tailings of gold ore from the tailings; iron-zinc-containing blast furnace sludges of metallurgical production by combining several enrichment or concentration and hydrometallurgical methods. The developed resource-saving, environmentally friendly technologies provide the opportunity to involve previously unused resources of technogenic origin into efficient operation with obtaining conditioned metal-containing products and reduce environmental stress in regions with a developed mining and metallurgical industry.

The present paper describes the results of the use of new technology of disinfection and processing of agricultural waste by carbon nanostructures modified sodium acetate. Improving the efficiency of processing of agricultural waste was obtained via sodium acetate in the presence of carbon nanotubes. In order to distribute the sodium acetate in the processed waste and subsequent processing of waste effectively special machines/devices were developed. The theoretical substantiation of the basic structural elements was presented for mechanical processing of agricultural waste devices. The experimental investigations showed a high efficiency of technology which led to a reduction of pathogens at the pre-processing of manure by 60%. The consumption of sodium acetate with carbon nanotubes was 50 liters per 1 ton of manure.