Abstract
In certain phase-transforming electrodes for Li-ion batteries, the voltage hysteresis between charge and discharge is observed to remain finite even as the charging/discharging current goes to zero. In this paper, using both sharp-interface and Cahn-Hilliard models, we show how pinning of a phase boundary by heterogeneities within an electrode particle leads to zero-current hysteresis. The theory predicts zero-current hysteresis even for a single particle. More broadly, we study the role of heterogeneities in phase-transforming electrodes and show how they lead to interesting behavior such as nonunique OCV, fluctuating interface propagation, and multiple nucleation sites.
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