Abstract
BackgroundPseudogenes, the nonfunctional homologues of functional genes are now coming to light as important resources regarding the study of human protein evolution. Processed pseudogenes arising by reverse transcription and reinsertion can provide molecular record on the dynamics and evolution of genomes. Researches on the progenitors of human processed pseudogenes delved out their highly expressed and evolutionarily conserved characters. They are reported to be short and GC-poor indicating their high efficiency for retrotransposition. In this article we focused on their high expressivity and explored the factors contributing for that and their relevance in the milieu of protein sequence evolution.ResultsWe here, analyzed the high expressivity of these genes configuring processed or retropseudogenes by their immense connectivity in protein-protein interaction network, an inclination towards alternative splicing mechanism, a lower rate of mRNA disintegration and a slower evolutionary rate. While the unusual trend of the upraised disorder in contrast with the high expressivity of the proteins encoded by processed pseudogene ancestors is accredited by a predominance of hub-protein encoding genes, a high propensity of repeat sequence containing genes, elevated protein stability and the functional constraint to perform the transcription regulatory jobs. Linear regression analysis demonstrates mRNA decay rate and protein intrinsic disorder as the influential factors controlling the expressivity of these retropseudogene ancestors while the latter one is found to have the most significant regulatory power.ConclusionsOur findings imply that, the affluence of disordered regions elevating the network attachment to be involved in important cellular assignments and the stability in transcriptional level are acting as the prevailing forces behind the high expressivity of the human genes configuring processed pseudogenes.
Highlights
Pseudogenes, the nonfunctional homologues of functional genes are coming to light as important resources regarding the study of human protein evolution
Expression profile of the progenitor of processed pseudogenes and their involvement in protein-protein interaction network Earlier it was reported that retropseudogene ancestors are predominantly housekeeping in nature showing a wide tissue distribution breadth [11]
We verified the high expressivity of the progenitors of processed pseudogenes (GFPψ genes) which are known to belong to housekeeping gene class
Summary
Pseudogenes, the nonfunctional homologues of functional genes are coming to light as important resources regarding the study of human protein evolution. Understanding the structural and functional attributes of the genes configuring pseudogenes by duplication and reverse transcription is enlightening the research on these naturally occurring mutant genes in the frame of evolutionary studies supporting neutral mutation hypotheses [2]. The occurrence of these faulty transcription and insertion is guided by the enzymatic machinery of LINE1 non-LTR retrotransposons [7]. The pioneering work of Goncalves et al [11] focused on 181 human functional genes giving rise to 249 retropseudogenes Their analysis revealed out some important features of the genes generating retropseudogenes regarding their evolutionary impact and structural attributes. In the context of human processed pseudogene ancestor evolution gene expression and its different facets surely craves an intensive attention and a comprehensive discussion
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