On the putative classifier languages in Europe

e16615 Background: Bladder cancer remains a significant global health burden, particularly in older adults, with its incidence and mortality varying widely across regions. The median age at diagnosis of bladder is 73 years with 80% over the age of 65 in United States. Age of patients can impact management often requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Methods: Incidence rates for individuals aged 70+ across seven superregions (Central, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, High-income countries, North Africa and Middle East, Latin America and Carribean, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast, East Asia and Oceania) were extracted from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database and analyzed using ARIMA in Stata 18.0 to forecast rates from 2022–2050. Mortality rates were forecasted using the GBD foresight visualization tool. Percentage changes in incidence and mortality compared to 2021 were calculated and analyzed. Results: Bladder cancer incidence rates are projected to increase in North Africa and the Middle East (+6.8% by 2030, +23.0% by 2050), Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania (+5.2% by 2030, +17.0% by 2050), South Asia (+2.0% by 2030, +7.3% by 2050), Latin America and the Caribbean (+1.6% by 2030, +5.2% by 2050), and Sub-Saharan Africa (+1.8% by 2030, +6.5% by 2050). In contrast, High-Income Regions and Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia are expected to decline, with High-Income Regions showing the steepest decrease (-10.6% by 2030, -52.0% by 2050). Mortality rates are projected to rise in High-Income Regions (+3.6% by 2030, +18.8% by 2050) andCentral Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia (+3.6% by 2050, despite a -0.9% drop by 2030). Declines by 2030 are anticipated in Latin America and the Caribbean (-2.9%), North Africa and the Middle East (-4.5%), Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania (-3.0%), and Sub-Saharan Africa (-2.9%), though many regions show stabilization or modest increases by 2050, such as South Asia (+7.0%) and Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania (+12.4%). Conclusions: The study underscores the need for greater emphasis on regions in Asia and Africa expected to see an increase in incidence rates. The increase in mortality in many regions call for greater research in geriatric oncology and targeted interventions in older adults. Incidence rate (per 100,000 population) Mortality rates (per 100,000 population) Region 2021 2030 2050 2021 2030 2050 Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia 64.99 61.28 57.28 39.78 39.41 41.22 High-income countries 110.38 98.67 53.03 48.40 50.13 57.49 Latin America and Caribbean 29.84 30.31 31.38 22.34 21.69 22.31 North Africa and Middle East 68.04 72.69 83.69 34.90 33.33 35.24 South Asia 18.75 19.14 20.13 15.39 15.26 16.47 Southeast Asia, East Asia and Oceania 40.60 42.71 47.49 24.02 23.30 27.01 Sub-Saharan Africa 26.57 27.06 28.31 23.64 22.96 22.90

e22574 Background: Prostate cancer is the second most common and fifth deadliest cancer in men worldwide, with incidence and mortality rates influenced by regional and economic factors. In older adults, differing physiological conditions impact treatment efficacy and side effects, requiring careful therapeutic planning. Methods: Incidence rates for individuals over 70 years of age for the seven super regions (Central, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, High-income countries, North Africa and Middle East, Latin America and Caribbean, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast, East Asia and Oceania) were extracted from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database and analyzed using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) in Stata 18.0 to forecast incidence rates from 2022-2050. Mortality rates were extracted and forecasted from GBD foresight visualization tool. The total percentage change in incidence and mortality rates were calculated compared to 2021 and presented for each of the seven regions. Results: Most of the super regions are expected to have an increase in the incidence rate in 2030 and 2050 (Central, Eastern Europe and Central Asia: 2030-4.0%, 2050-29.3%, North Africa and Middle East: 2030-14.8%, 2050-49.1%, South Asia: 2030-16.7%, 2050-46.2%, Sub-Saharan Africa: 2030-5.0%, 2050-20.3%, Southeast, East Asia and Oceania: 2030-14.7%, 2050-46.1%). Only Latin America and Caribbean is expected to have a decrease in the incidence rate in 2030 and 2050: 2030- 2.3%, 2050-4.7%.Mortality rates are expected to increase for most of the seven super regions (Central, Eastern Europe and Central Asia: 2030-0.4%, 2050-5.6%, High-income countries: 2030-7.5%, 2050-28.9%, Latin America and Caribbean: 2030-1.1%, 2050-13.4%, South Asia: 2030-7.2%, 2050-27.4%, Sub-Saharan Africa: 2030-2.2%, 2050-14.2%, Southeast, East Asia and Oceania: 2030-5.6%, 2050-42.2%). Mortality rate in North Africa and Middle East is expected to decrease in 2030-3.9% and then increase in 2050-7.1%. Conclusions: Forecast trends indicate rising prostate cancer incidence in high-income countries, except Latin America and the Caribbean. The highest increase is expected in North Africa and the Middle East. Mortality rates are also projected to rise globally, emphasizing the need for enhanced treatment research for the elderly. Incidence rate per 100,000 population Mortality rate per 100,000 population Super regions 2021 2030 2050 2021 2030 2050 Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia 453.2 471.4 585.9 229.7 231.0 243.2 Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania 115.2 132.1 167.9 71.0 74.4 100.9 North Africa and Middle East 271.1 310.8 403.6 128.0 123.4 136.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 360.5 378.2 433.1 355.5 363.2 405.5 South Asia 78.3 90.9 114.3 69.7 74.7 88.8 High-income countries 641.9 646.8 649.3 221. 4 237.9 284.8 Latin America and Caribbean 554.3 541.3 528.1 290.8 293.3 329.9

Background Diabetes-associated morbidity and mortality are higher among some groups of migrants. However, differences in age structure between migrants and the destination countries' populations can affect the estimated prevalence. There is also a lack of knowledge about the characteristics associated with poor diabetes outcomes among migrants. This study aimed to report the age-standardised prevalence of diabetes and characteristics associated with poor diabetes outcomes among different migrant groups in Australia, based on region of birth. Methods Using the whole population data from the Australian 2021 census data, diabetes age-specific and sex-specific prevalence, age-standardised prevalence and age-standardised prevalence ratio (ASPR) were calculated for people aged ≥30 years. Characteristics associated with poor diabetes outcomes were analysed. Results Age-standardised prevalence was higher than the Australian-born population among migrants from South-East Asia (ASPR: 1.4), North Africa and the Middle East (ASPR: 1.7), Southern and Central Asia (ASPR: 2.2) and Oceania (ASPR: 2.2). Among those with diabetes >50% had a weekly income 31% of individuals born in Australia, North-West Europe and Southern and Eastern Europe had ≥3 comorbidities. Over 37% of people born in Southern and Eastern Europe and North Africa and the Middle East needed assistance with core activities, and >8% born in Southern and Eastern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East and South-East Asia had no formal education. People born in Northeast Asia had the highest percentage of people with low English proficiency (55.2%) and who arrived in Australia Conclusion In prioritising the migrant populations for diabetes prevention, control and healthcare delivery, characteristics associated with poor diabetes outcomes and prevalence of diabetes in different migrant populations in Australia should be considered. Strategies should be designed based on the characteristics of different migrant populations to empower them to manage their diabetes.

The source contributions to the dust over the Tibetan Plateau: A modelling analysis

This chapter focused on implicit theories regarding political apologies. Political apologies differ from individual apologies in that they generally are concerned not only with wrongful acts but also with a distinct political quality of wrongful acts committed under the mantel of the nation. Participants from Western Europe, Russia and the Balkan Peninsula, the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, South and Southeast Asia, East Asia, and the UK/Anglo regions gave qualitative responses regarding the effectiveness of one nation’s apology for reconciliation between two countries, as well as what actions would need to be taken to achieve true reconciliation. Overwhelmingly, participants across all regions – developed versus developing country, Eastern versus Western, or colonized versus colonizer – stated that an apology could help the reconciliation process in one way or another. Participants in South and Southeast Asia, Africa, East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East offered frequent responses indicating an apology could lead to reconciliation, while Africa and the UK/Anglo regions indicated an apology could lead to healing. The most frequent responses from Russia and the Balkans, East Asia, the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, and Africa said an apology was a necessary component of reconciliation. In regard to the steps that were needed to make an apology effective, a high proportion of response (84–97 %) indicated that reconciliation is achievable following an apology if certain steps are taken. For instance, participants from East Asia and Western Europe noted that the sincerity of the apology was most important. Africa and Russia and the Balkans had more responses indicating that recognition of wrongdoing was important, while the Middle East and Russia and the Balkans had frequent responses favoring a state sanctioned diplomatic response or treaty. Interestingly, Africa and South and Southeast Asia were most in favor of monetary aid as a step toward reconciliation, perhaps reflecting the more recent experiences of those countries with colonization, war/conflict, and widespread poverty.

The article examines the negative impact of global trends that have engulfed the world on the countries of the Middle East and Central Asia and the issue of ensuring security from threats. Currently, the impact on the Middle East and Central Asia of the problems of the economic crisis, inflation, unemployment, investment outflow, tension between Russia and Ukraine, the growth of conflict points in the regions, conflict between actors, etc. is being analyzed. Passive threats, known today in the Middle East and Central Asia and which in the future may overshadow its range, will also become the core of the article and will be subjected to serious analysis. Recently, an even greater aggravation of the situation between Israel and Palestine has been considered, as well as the intensification and strengthening of the Israeli military operation in the Gaza Strip, which the world is watching, and the aggravation of relations between the parties. The influence of external actors on regional trends in the Middle East and Central Asia is also analyzed.

Regional variations in patient selection and procedural characteristics for cryoballoon ablation of atrial fibrillation

Theory: Literature on ethnic protest in the Middle East and Central Asia does not provide empirical measures necessary for rigorous hypothesis testing, nor does it incorporate a comprehensive theoretical foundation needed to identify the conditions for ethnic protest. There is also no consensus on the causes of ethnic protest in the Middle East and Central Asia. Hypotheses: To improve our ability to explain ethnic protest in the Middle East and Central Asia and to identify the necessary conditions for ethnic dissent, we test five hypotheses embodied in grievance and political mobilization. The literature on ethnic protest in the Middle East and Central Asia references both models but does not systematically test their relevance. Methodology: We use Logistic Regression to test the explanatory potential of the five hypotheses of the Grievance and Mobilization models. We use Ted Gurr's Minorities at Risk data set, which presents data on 40 ethnic groups in the Middle East and Central Asia. The dependent variable is protest for 1990-95. Findings: Our research does not lend much empirical support for the grievance model, which dominates the Middle Eastern and Central Asian area study literature. Cultural identity and religious freedom variables of grievance model do not provide sufficient condition for the outbreak of ethnic protest. The mobilization model has better explanatory power. It lends significant support to the three hypotheses associated with the mobilization model and suggests that ethnic protest is more likely to occur under conditions of organizational cohesiveness, low levels of autocracy, and international support.

Public health planning for dementia must start now

Islam in East Asia

This study investigated heavy metal contamination in drinking water in five Asian regions (East, Southeast, South, Central, and West Asia) with an interest in inorganic arsenic (iAs), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni). Human exposure, risks, and the disease burdens in terms of loss of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were analyzed. Concentrations of heavy metals and risks in different regions were variable. Hazard index (HI), cancer risk (CR) and DALYs were used as the health metrics. The total cancer risk was highest in Southeast Asia (2.18 × 10−4) followed by South Asia (1.61 × 10−4), West Asia (1.04 × 10−4), Central Asia (8.85 × 10−5) and East Asia (3.94 × 10−5). Cancer risks exceeding 1 × 10−4 (1 in 10,000) were considered higher risk while Southeast Asia had the highest risk. In terms of population-adjusted DALY, South Asia had the highest (1.95 × 105) followed by Southeast Asia (8.66 × 104), East Asia (2.34 × 104), West Asia (1.91 × 104) and Central Asia (4.60 × 103). Lung cancer emerged as the main outcome in all regions, accounting for 85% and 94% of cancer risks, and DALYs respectively. The findings highlight regional disparities, requiring intervention strategies in a few regions. The actions may include implementing regulations, treatment technologies and establishing monitoring systems to ensure water quality.

The article considers the problem of regional security which is on the agenda of the international community. Russia and Turkey as two politically and economically interconnected countries have a rich history of relations. The Middle East and Central Asia where their national interests overlap are priority directions at the present stage. However, disagreements in conflict resolution do not allow reaching a compromise and entering a new level of interaction. At the beginning of the 21st century Russia and Turkey showed an interest in strengthening regional security and achieving peace and stability. Although the incident in November of 2015 slowed down the development of cooperation and caused the refusal to maintain friendly contacts Moscow and Ankara realized the need to overcome differences and follow the provisions of concluded treaties and agreements. The beginning of a special military operation in Ukraine on the 24th of February of 2022 showed their complex and ambiguous interaction in the Middle East and Central Asia. The aim of the article is to identify the approaches of Russia and Turkey in strengthening regional security.

This study aims at offering a closer view of pointed domes as the most significant and important cultural features of Eastern domes in the Middle East and Central Asia. In contrast to previous general historical studies, this study addresses the better comprehension of a formal architectural language of the pointed domes including their morphologies and typologies based on epistemological premise of pointed domes' structuralism. It starts with defining the proper terminology of the pointed dome type, then, by analytic consideration of selected examples, the study proposes their origin, evolution, formal morphological constitutions, geometrical designs, and finally definitions of three typologies and subtypes of the pointed domes based on their shells' compositions and geometrical profiles, from the twelfth through sixteenth centuries. Despite varieties of forms and configurations of Islamic domes, the research puts forward some recurring features and shared characteristics that are incorporated into a specific style, that is pointed domes. Furthermore, this study on the significance of pointed domes brings to light undiscovered facts about the essences of traditional dome constructions in the Middle East and Central Asia which may be employed in providing historical documentation for any conservation interventions.

The analyses of dense marker sets covering the whole genome has revolutionised the field of (human) population genetics. Driven largely by the needs of biomedical research, these new data are helping to unveil our demographic past, exemplified by the study of mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation during the past ~20 years. We have analysed (Illumina 650K SNPs) over 320 new samples from South and Central Asia and the Caucasus, together with the publicly available databases (HGDP panel and our published data set of ~600 Eurasian samples) and illustrated the power of full genome analyses by addressing two specific questions. (i) What is the nature of genetic continuity and discontinuity between South Asia, Middle East and Central Asia? (ii) What are the genetic origins of the Munda speakers of India? We use principal component and structure-like analyses to reveal the structure in the genome wide SNP data. The most striking feature of the genetic structure of South Asian populations is the clear separation of the Indus valley and southern India populations. The genetic component prevalent in the latter region is marginal in the former and absent outside South Asia. By contrast, the component ubiquitous to Indus valley is also present (~30 - 40%) among Indo-European speakers from Ganges valley and Dravidic speakers in southern India. Furthermore, this component can also be found in Central Asia and the Caucasus as well as in Middle East. We explored possibilities to identify the source region for this genetic component. Alternative models put the origins of Munda languages speakers either in South Asia (the Munda speakers sport exclusively autochthonous South Asian mtDNA variants) or in Southeast Asia, where the other Austro Asiatic languages have spread. Y-chromosome variation supports the latter model through sharing of hg O2a in both regions. We show that in addition to the dominant ancestry component being shared between the Indian Dravidic and Munda speakers, up to 30% of Munda speakers retain an ancestry component otherwise prevalent in East Asia. There is no widespread sign of South Asian ancestry component in Southeast Asia. This provides genomic support to the model by which Indian Austro-Asiatic populations derive from dispersal from Southeast/East Asia, followed by an extensive admixture with local Indian populations.

SME Financial Inclusion for Sustained Growth in the Middle East and Central Asia