Abstract

This paper argues in a first part that the observation of anisotropies at energies close to the GZK cut-off strongly argues in favor of the existence of protons at these energies. It then discusses the possible source of such protons, providing first general bounds on the luminosity of the source and on the amount of energy to be released in the ultra-high energy range. The necessary conditions point towards relativistic shock acceleration as an acceleration agent. Then, it discusses the physics of relativistic shock acceleration from a more microphysical point of view.

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