Oddolna aktywność społeczności lokalnych w świetle dokumentów strategicznych i regulacji prawnych obowiązujących w Polsce

Digital transformation and the COVID-19 pandemic have caused a paradigm shift in work; hybrid work arrangements that combine remote and in-office work are becoming the norm in many business organizations worldwide. Employees benefit from the flexible working arrangements that the hybrid work offers, but they often navigate in uncertainty in terms of legal protection and contractual arrangements, even in the EU (European Union). WB (Western Balkan) countries have embraced hybrid work with a constant effort to align their policy and legal framework to the EU standards, as pressing requisites of EU integration aspirations. This study aims to explore the readiness of WB countries’ national legal and policy frameworks to regulate hybrid work through mapping and analyzing the dimensions of hybrid work in national legal and policy frameworks through a comparative legal and policy analysis. Results reveal that in the majority of the legal frameworks of WB countries, there is no specific definition of hybrid work, and legal arrangements on homework or telework can be found in the legal frameworks of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. Employees’ working conditions, work-life balance, gender aspect, and well-being are not fully addressed. Policy instruments remain underdeveloped, with Serbia being the only country with significant labor reform progress. National legal frameworks need further harmonization, whereas national policies need to tailor proper policy instruments that address hybrid work. Received: 17 January 2026 / Revised: 24 February 2026 / Accepted: 7 March 2026 / Published: 25 March 2026

<p><em>A literature review has been carried out to determine international and national legal frameworks regarding international transportation of nuclear and radioactive materials through the Lombok Strait in Indonesia. </em><em>The </em><em>Lombok Strait is one of the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes which has been regulated both in the national and international legal frameworks as a pathway between two oceans that passes through Indonesian waters. Transportation of goods by ship is passage of innocent as stated in Sea Law Convention. However, due to nuclear and radioactive materials are not ordinary goods, the safety and security of nuclear and radioactive materials should be ensured. The paper examines Indonesian national laws on nuclear and radioactive materials transport through Lombok Strait. Review results that a</em><em>part from the carrier should comply with national and international legal frameworks, coordination between governmental agencies in Indonesia including local governments plays an important role in the innocent passage through the Lombok Strait. Finally, ensuring nuclear and radioactive materials transports are safe and secure in the context of international shipment is a necessity to ensure safety and security for workers, public and the environment.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Keyword</em></strong><strong><em>s</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><em> </em><em>Lombok Strait; nuclear; transport.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p>

Integrated coastal management (ICM) has been considered worldwide to be a suitable approach to realizing comprehensive schemes to protect or develop coastal regions. A complex regulatory system stretching from international to local levels provides a framework for ICM practices. This raises the question whether and to what extent ICM practices have been supported by legal and policy frameworks at the international and national levels in different settings in both developed and developing countries. This paper examines four case studies in Germany, Costa Rica, Mexico and South Africa. Two research methods were used. First, a document-based analysis was conducted in two parts: a literature review of the content of ICM, and a policy and law analysis of the jurisdictions of the four case studies and at the international level (i.e., treaties and declarations). Second, a qualitative analysis was conducted based on in-depth interviews involving 21 decision-makers representing all the case studies. With a view to enhance the effective use of international and national legal and policy instruments and their implementation in a more local site specific context, this study considers four principles currently guiding ICM practices: (i) incorporation of international instruments’ principles in national legal and policy frameworks, (ii) participation, (iii) sustainable development and (iv) monitoring. An I-P-S ((I) incorporation of international instruments’ principles in national frameworks, (P) participation (S) sustainable development) diagram is used for an integrative assessment of ICM and indicates directions for further improvements at the case study sites. The embeddedness of ICM into national legal and policy frameworks is a success factor for ICM, however, it is often limited due to a lack of implementation. Furthermore, ICM can easily be jeopardized if ICM is allocated a marginalized position.

The increase in cybercrime in Indonesia, such as data theft, ransomware attacks, and the misuse of artificial intelligence (AI), shows that the national legal framework is not yet fully effective in dealing with the dynamics of the digital era. Although Indonesia has the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (EIT Law) and the Personal Data Protection Law (PDP Law), both still have various weaknesses, including ambiguous norms, weak harmonization between regulations, and limited capacity of law enforcement officials. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the national cyber legal framework in responding to developments in digital technology, identify the main challenges in its enforcement, and formulate the direction of legal reform policies needed to make Indonesia's legal system more adaptive, effective, and responsive to technological developments, particularly in regulations concerning artificial intelligence that guarantee the principles of accountability, transparency, and justice. This study uses a normative juridical method, which is legal research based on literature studies by examining written legal materials. Data was obtained from primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations related to cyber law, including Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and its amendments, Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection, the Draft Law on Cyber Security and Resilience (RUU KKS), and other related regulations. Secondary legal materials include literature, research results, scientific journal articles, and reports from relevant institutions from a national and international comparative perspective. The analysis was conducted using qualitative normative methods with an emphasis on legal interpretation, consistency of norms, and the relevance of regulations to the needs of cyber law reform in Indonesia. The results of the study indicate that cyber law reform is necessary to establish a legal system that is adaptive and responsive to technological developments. These efforts include accelerating the ratification of the KKS Bill, harmonizing regulations, increasing the capacity of law enforcement officials, and strengthening public digital literacy in order to strengthen national resilience in cyberspace and protect the digital rights of citizens. Keywords: Accountability; Artificial Intelligence; Cyber Law; Legal Reform; Transparency.

A review of shark conservation and management legal frameworks in the Philippines

Located between two continents and two oceans, Indonesia is vulnerable to various transnational crimes. Hence, the concept of maritime security emerged. This paper focuses on three crucial matters, maritime delimitation, IUU Fishing as well as piracy and armed robbery at sea. This research aims to analyze the urgency of national maritime security legal framework in Indonesia. This research uses normative method with statute approach and comparative approach. It is submitted that although regional dan international cooperation is important to address maritime threats, national legal instrument is also necessary. Unfortunately, Indonesia still does not have comprehensive national legal instrument in place. Thus, it is argued that Indonesia should formulate specific policy and national legal frameworks in addressing maritime threats completed with certain measures for each threats as well as point out which institutions competent in handling each threats.

The article analyzes the national legal and regulatory framework in the field of socio-economic diagnosing of the major parameters and operation directions of the objects being diagnosed such as financial conditions, the threat of bankruptcy, solvency (credit status), and investment attractiveness. Based on the results obtained there are singled out, generalized and justified the key contradictions of national regulations governing principles of assessing the priority sectors of these objects operation. The importance of further development of the national legal and regulatory support of socio-economic diagnosing towards its unification in modern conditions of European integration is proved. In terms of revitalization of European integration processes in Ukraine and globalization processes in the world the importance of socio-economic diagnosing at all levels of national and international economies is increasing. In fact, successful establishment and further development of relationships between domestic and foreign partners at different levels (state authorities, financial, credit and insurance institutions, rating agencies, securities market participants, investors, intermediaries, contractors, businesses) require accurate, representative and objective database obtained through target diagnosing. Recently stakeholders have been primarily interested in socio-economic diagnosing of such aspects of particular entities as financial conditions, threat of bankruptcy, solvency, investment attractiveness etc. Target diagnosing is based on various techniques developed by the legislative authorities of Ukraine that are still being used to form special methodological guidelines for evaluating priority operation areas of the diagnosed objects. Obviously, the methodological provisions reflected in the current national legal and regulatory framework should be standardized and unified for all users in both domestic and international environment to ensure exclusive regulation of key principles of socio-economic diagnosing and unified interpretation of the diagnostic results. Unfortunately, at present in the national legal and regulatory framework there are many problems associated with discrepancies, inconsistencies and contradictions of certain diagnostic methods. Considering all the above, there arises the necessity to study current national legislation and regulatory materials to identify existing conflicts in the area of socio-economic diagnosing.


 
 
 The decade starting from 2010-2020 was recorded the warmest decade in the history. The new principles such as Climate litigation, climate justice, climate legislation have been catapulted to the forefront of the environmental litigation and environmental laws. As per the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) the human activities is the substantial cause for increasing of Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which would results in additional warming of the earth‘s surface and the atmosphere and also may adversely affect the natural eco system and human kind. Article 2 of the UNFCCC defines climate change as, a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. Changes in the physical environment or biota resulting from climate change which have significant deleterious effects on the composition, resilience or productivity of natural and managed ecosystems or on the operation of socio-economic systems or on human health and welfare are the effects of climate change. As a matter of fact climate change is the direct result of global warming and the emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere has escalated the earth‘s temperature level. The Resolution adopted by the General Assembly which includes 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development urges States to take urgent action to combat climate. UNFCC, Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement constitute the international legal regime that deals with climate change. These were the results of entering into international consensus in the aim of reducing the greenhouse emission and thereby to effectively handle the climate change impacts. The objective of the paper is centered on the appraisal of the international and national legal framework that have been enacted to curb the climate change. To this end the research paper employs a qualitative methodology. Conventions, Resolutions adopted by the United Nations, legislations such as National Environment Act, Fauna and Flora Act, Coastal Conservation Act etc , policies and regulations, case laws from foreign jurisdiction are utilized as primary sources and the scholarly articles, journals, peer reviewed articles are utilized as secondary sources. The findings of the paper emphasizes that the synergy between the international and national legislations should be strengthen if the legislature is to find prolific solutions to this complex issue. Finally the paper concludes that it must be taken into consideration that if all States are to combat this unprecedented crisis, no instrument can be ignored.
 Keywords: Climate change, Climate litigation, Environment, Global warming, Sustainable development
 
 

An increasing number of commercially exploited and managed aquatic species has been listed in the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), triggering the attention from the fisheries sector of States on how listing would impact on the management of the relevant fisheries. CITES regulates international trade in certain aquatic species, including those which are, and can be, commercially exploited and which are being managed by the fisheries sector. The fisheries sector legal frameworks will have to recognize and enable the various requirements provided for in CITES, including the making of non-detriment findings and ensuring that there is a designated management authority and scientific authority to take certain decisions in respect of listed commercially exploited and managed aquatic species. This sourcebook provides clarifications on the relationship of CITES with the fisheries sector and provides guidance on how national fisheries legal frameworks can optimize the implementation of CITES. The realisation of this sourcebook in 2020, designated as a “super year” for nature and biodiversity, represents a timely and useful contribution to fisheries management, by (i) raising awareness of CITES; (ii) enhancing comprehension of the CITES regime and its relationship with the fisheries sector and (iii) where a deliberate decision is made by a country to implement CITES through its national fisheries legal frameworks, providing guidance as to what do it and how to do it.

Violence against women is a phenomenon we encounter on a daily basis and which is present in all areas and all cultures and social systems, through time. The most severe form of violence against women is femicide, as a gender-based murder of a woman by a man who thinks he has a right to take her life. Femicide is therefore a crime that discriminates. Since this phenomenon is still rarely object of scientific research, the author of this article wants to give contribution to the further study and recognition of femicide as an urgent social problem, his understanding and adequate response through the legal systems of the countries.
 The author puts focus of discussion in this paper, on the issue of femicide, starting with the analisys of the phenomenon of violence against women, meaning of this notion, its forms, and the International, European and national legal framework. While in conclusion, author explicates confirmation of hypotheses that there is an inadequate legal framework for the prevention of femicide, as a serious social problem in international, European and national legal framework, both directly through the criminalization and punishment of the perpetrator of this crime, as well as taking other measures aimed at prevention and protection of women against this form of violence.

Islamic inheritance laws, derived from Shariah principles, play a critical role in shaping wealth distribution and economic behavior in Muslim-majority countries like Indonesia. However, the implementation of these laws often faces challenges due to the coexistence of customary (adat) laws and national legal frameworks, leading to disputes and inefficiencies in wealth management. This study examines the legal and financial implications of Islamic inheritance laws in Indonesia, focusing on their impact on wealth distribution, family welfare, and economic development. The research aims to identify gaps in the current legal framework and propose recommendations for harmonizing Islamic inheritance laws with national regulations to enhance their economic effectiveness. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study analyzes legal documents, court rulings, and financial data, complemented by interviews with legal experts, religious scholars, and families affected by inheritance disputes. The findings reveal that while Islamic inheritance laws promote equitable wealth distribution, their implementation is often hindered by legal ambiguities, lack of public awareness, and resistance from customary law practitioners. These challenges result in prolonged disputes, unequal asset distribution, and reduced economic productivity. The study concludes that harmonizing Islamic inheritance laws with national legal frameworks and enhancing public education on inheritance rights are essential for maximizing their economic benefits. This research contributes to the discourse on Islamic law and economics by providing insights into the interplay between legal systems, wealth distribution, and economic development in Indonesia.

This study explores the integration of local values, particularly the Tumbaga Holing customary law, into Indonesia's national legal framework. Tumbaga Holing, as the customary legal system of the Mandailing community, plays a crucial role in regulating social life and maintaining communal harmony. However, the process of integrating it into positive law faces various challenges, ranging from differences in legal paradigms to the marginalization of communal rights (ulayat). This research adopts a normative juridical approach, analyzing specific articles within the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) and regulations related to indigenous communities. The results show that Tumbaga Holing has the potential to contribute to the national legal system, particularly in the areas of natural resource management and dispute resolution. However, challenges such as lack of formal recognition, legal bureaucracy, and political-economic power imbalances hinder this integration. Proposed solutions include strengthening indigenous institutions, promoting customary law awareness, and revising regulations to be more inclusive of indigenous communities. These efforts are expected to ensure that local values ??are fairly accommodated within the national legal framework.

Indonesia's commitment to the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is exemplified by its Village SDGs program, which serves as a strategic pilot initiative. Nevertheless, the efficacy of the Village SDGs is contingent upon several critical factors, including resource availability, community engagement, and stakeholder collaboration. These factors present significant challenges that impede progress. Given that villages constitute 91% of Indonesia's territory, developments at this local level have profound implications for the national implementation of the SDGs. This study elucidates that persistent challenges in resource allocation and stakeholder coordination remain despite advancements in embedding the SDGs within the national legal framework. The assessment of the Village SDGs highlights local capacity disparities and underscores the necessity for enhanced support mechanisms. Integrating the SDGs within village governance necessitates tailored approaches that are sensitive to local contexts. This paper establishes a comprehensive framework for the Village SDGs roadmap within local governance to achieve the global agenda. It explores three pivotal aspects, namely the incorporation of the SDGs into the national legal framework, the evaluation of Village SDGs implementation, and the contextualisation of the SDGs within village governance. Employing a normative legal approach and secondary data sources, the research reveals significant progress while also identifying critical gaps that must be addressed to ensure the effective implementation of the Village SDGs.

The development of the regulatory framework of Latvia’s Asylum and external border is determined by international regulatory framework, the EU's regulatory framework and influence of Latvian bilateral relationship as well as the need to balance the free movement of persons which is essential part of human rights in order to ensure the legislation in relation to Latvian external border regime within international and national legal framework. This is evidenced as a problematic issue in regulatory framework, law practices and border control both in Latvia and other EU countries. It is necessary to explore international, EU and national legal framework within the EU's external borders functioning in Latvia by detecting problems in the EU's Asylum determination in the context of border regime and border control regulatory framework, by exploring legislation, legal concepts, incompleteness of terminology and eventually to develop suggestions for improving laws and regulations. The primary method is Analytical method - the analysis of international, EU, the Schengen Acquis and the national regulatory framework and administrative practice.

The transition to renewable energy sources represents one of the most critical challenges facing developing nations in the 21st century. This article examines the complex interplay between national and international legal frameworks designed to promote renewable energy development, with particular emphasis on mechanisms supported or influenced by the United States. Through analysis of policy instruments, financial incentives, and regulatory structures, this study explores how legal mechanisms can effectively address the climate crisis while fostering energy security and sustainable development in emerging economies. The research reveals that successful renewable energy promotion requires a multi-layered approach combining international agreements, bilateral partnerships, domestic legislation, and innovative financing mechanisms.