Od aristokrata k běžnému turistovi (Česká klientela a její oblíbené rekreační lokality ve Vysokých Tatrách a jinde na Slovensku)

Despite the current catastrophic reduction of tourism services and related services in the world in a pandemic, the development of tourism in the long run remains very relevant, especially in anticipation of the reformatting of the global tourism market as one of the results of the end of the pandemic. At the same time, along with the traditional world centers of tourism, we can assume the emergence of new regional and global countries, leaders in tourism. The forthcoming restart of the market will provide a good, rare opportunity for new tourist destinations to express themselves, intensify the attraction of tourists and take certain positions in the resetting tourist market. Therefore, working out their potential and realizing their competitive marketing advantages is important for such tourism-developing countries. Accordingly, this study is devoted to the development of the tourism industry, in particular, the description and analysis of natural conditions and relevant opportunities for the development of health, sports, educational tourism in the Slovak Republic and the Republic of Kazakhstan. A detailed comparative analysis of socio-cultural and natural-geographical components of the marketing environment for the development of tourism in both countries is given. Such popular and demanded in international tourism areas as mountain and skiing, cultural-historical and cognitive, medical and health-improving, as well as recreational tourism are considered in detail. In general, the countries in question have much in common regarding the diverse opportunities and types of tourism. However, due to a number of historical, geographical, socio-social reasons, the level of development of tourist services in them is very different. This study also compares opportunities for the development of relevant tourism in Slovakia and Kazakhstan. In order to present tourism for foreign tourists and create a positive image of Slovakia and Kazakhstan as favorable countries for inbound tourism, it is necessary to actively use modern information technologies and innovations. This article presents such sources of information about tourism potential as websites, links to Internet resources of travel agencies and operators, the main video resources about tourism opportunities in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The development of these innovations will allow the Republic of Kazakhstan to become one of the most competitive countries in the tourist service and become a new significant world tourist center.

This study describes a variety of approaches to communication by museums involved in cultural heritage exchange. It focuses on the High Tatras region, which is the most important centre of tourism in Slovakia. It also looks at the specifics of how tourism developed in the region. The data was collected over a multi-year series of ethnological field research trips, and primarily conducted by means of structured interviews, oral histories and participatory observation. The paper concentrates on shifts in the area of museum communication, from the classical interpretative approach towards exhibitions that present their subject matter in a more flexible way, with a focus on emotional experience.The article aims to use some chosen case studies of small, independent museums and galleries from the town of Vysoké Tatry, in the High Tatras, to highlight the importance of sustainability, especially in terms of the growth of tourism.

Spa industry is presently an inherent part of Slovak tourism. For this reason, it has become a major interest of scientific and professional literature (economics, management, sociology, or geography). The main topic of this paper is the evaluation of tourism in Slovakia through a geographic analysis. This paper briefly evaluates the development and the importance of spa, spa tourism and wellness and their main research areas and issues. Furthermore, the primary sources of tourism development, the overview of spa tourism and the wellness resorts, the accommodation establishments and the visitation rate are evaluated as well. In conclusion, functional and spatial typification of spa tourism and wellness in Slovakia is presented. The structure of the paper is designed to be appropriate for a comparison with V4 countries.

There is general consensuses among scholars on the importance of international trade and foreign direct investment as a main macroeconomic variables that drive economic growth of developing countries. However, the global economic crisis plays dominant role in determining the movement of these macroeconomic variables that can change the nomenclature of economic activities in relation with trade and FDI inflow. For this purpose, this study investigates the relationship between trade openness, FDI inflow and economic growth of Nigeria by accounting for the effects of global economic crisis of 2007–2008 and commodity crisis of 2016 using Bayer and Hanck (in J Time Ser Anal 34(1):83–95, 2013) approach to cointegration and augmented autoregressive distributed lag (AARDL) method on time series data from 1982 to 2018. The results provide evidence that (1) global economic crisis significantly dampens economic growth. (2) The negative interaction of total trade, FDI and global financial economic crisis is substantive enough to dampen the trade-growth and FDI-growth led relationship. (3) The negative interaction of FDI-inflow with global economic crisis is more pronounced and substantive in the long run than the short run. This study recommends for policy option positioned towards escalating specific fiscal measure that should provide a sound legislative rules and reductions in taxes for international investors; stimulus measures targeting measures to control public spending, which had previously fuelled economic expansion.

1. Introduction Over the past two decades reform need arose in the European welfare states, deriving from demographic factors, employment crises and public debt (Thalassinos et al. 2010). The evolution of security benefits since the 1990s reflects that in many EU countries the dismantling of the welfare state is already obvious. These tendencies are in part explained by the reforms of pension and healthcare systems, which account for 70-80 per cent of all welfare state expenditure. The global economic and financial crisis and the subsequent weaker growth are putting under pressure the European welfare states. Cuts in services, as well as tax and contribution increases are further entrenching the process of recommodification which has characterized the reform of European welfare states for years (Busch, 2010). Nonetheless, in the EU collective coverage of risks is comprehensive (3) and welfare spending accounts for 16-30% of GDP; this is why the repercussions of the global financial crisis mark a particularly serious stress test for the European welfare states. The unequal economic development and the catch-up processes (typical for the EU) determined also the dumping. While in countries like Greece, Hungary and Portugal the economic catch-up process has gone along with an expansion of the welfare state, in other states (Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and Spain) the welfare state has been retrenched, in spite of the economic progress. The new EU members from Central and Eastern Europe, with their stigmatization of socialism during the transformation from centrally planned economies to market economies, embraced the neo-liberalism typical for USA and Great Britain (4). As people sought to escape socialist paternalism and enforced entitlements such as unified corporate housing or corporate holidays, the general perception of the word social became increasingly negative (Vecernik, 1993). The global economic crisis had a dual effect for the security systems: (1) due to higher unemployment, the expenditures of insurance are increasing and (2) tax and contribution revenues are falling as a consequence of lower economic growth. Taking into consideration that most European states have used large rescue packages in response to the crisis and to bale out the financial sector, larger deficits have emerged in state budgets and in the budgets of insurance (Thalassinos and Politis 2011). Analyzing the state of the public budgets of EU countries in the wake of the global crisis, the European Commission (2009) indicated three measures: 1. the reduction of deficit and debt ratios; 2. an increase in employment rates and 3. security reforms, especially of pension and healthcare systems. These effects of the economic global crisis on the European welfare states were already investigated in a series of recent papers. For example, Diamond and Lodge (2013) present a comparative analysis of contemporary and future changes in welfare states and examine divergent trajectories of development across Europe in the aftermath of the crisis. They draw lessons from quantitative public opinion surveys in three key EU member states (France, Denmark and UK) to inform debate on the future shape of welfare states after the global crisis. Starting from the assumption that policy reactions to economic crises vary significantly across countries, Stake et al. (2012) make a comparative study on welfare state responses to three major economic crises (1970s oil shocks, 1990s recession, current financial crisis) in four OECD countries (Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden and Australia). Another interesting contribution is that of Hemerijck and Vandenbroucke (2012), who revisit policy as productive factor and link the euro crisis to the imperative of defining a Europe. …

Abstract: The global financial and economic crisis, which hit Africa with a lag, has caused serious setbacks to the continent's growth momentum and likely jeopardized hard‐won development gains of recent years. Even though most African countries are likely to avoid recession, the sharp drop in growth rates can have serious, long‐term consequences, especially for poor and vulnerable Africans. Furthermore, the speed of the continent's recovery and longer‐term growth rates remain uncertain. What is, however, remarkable is that unlike in previous crises (as the energy crisis in the 1970s), this time round the response of most African governments has been to continue with the prudent macroeconomic policies of the past decade, and it is these policies that are giving these countries the fiscal space with which to cushion the impact of the global crisis and avoid an even deeper recession. The emergency rescue packages that some countries introduced are also carefully designed to maintain reform momentum in the medium term. At the same time, some countries have used the crisis as an opportunity to accelerate reforms, leaving them in a better position to take advantage of a recovery in the global economy. Thus, while the global crisis has wreaked havoc on African economies, the policy response of most governments demonstrates that the overall policy environment in Africa remains sound. This paper provides three hypotheses to explain this policy response, which stands in some contrast with African governments’ responses to previous crises. First, the prudent macroeconomic stance taken by these countries is simply a reflection of their access to capital markets and thin domestic financial markets. Second, the experience of the past decade, where prudent macroeconomic policies resulted in countries being better able to respond to the crisis, created an environment where governments were reluctant to deviate too far from their macroeconomic stance, lest they be left vulnerable during the next crisis. And third, that there has been a shift in the public's attitude towards economic reforms, and African policymakers were reflecting this shift in their policy responses to the crisis. The paper concludes that if this third hypothesis is the most likely one, it bodes well for Africa's future, despite the global crisis. For it means that economic reforms in Africa will continue and will unlikely be reversed, even with a sluggish global economy, because the public's mind‐set has shifted.

Through the use of website usability literature and tourism website analysis and experience, this theory proposes that user satisfaction on the website relates to six key drivers. The six drivers are crucial offerings of a tourism website and without successfully applying them the website may fail to meet the requirements of the end user. The six drivers for high website usability include tourist details, site appearance/usability, deals/promotions, segment marketing, foreign focus, and use of social media. This chapter puts the theory to action during an analysis of three northeastern states’ tourism websites. This study analyzes the tourism websites of New York, Massachusetts, and Maine using the six key drivers. The analysis demonstrates areas of strength and development for each state and directly ties back to the six drivers of user satisfaction for tourism websites.

This study was aimed to test the influence of managerial ownership, institutional ownership, size of board of commissioners, independent commissioners, and auditor reputation factors on earnings management during global economic crisis and after global economic crisis.The sample was all companies in manufacturing category in Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI). Observation period was 2007-2008 and 2009-2012 periods. The use of periods was aimed to separate the period during global economic crisis and after global economic crisis or recovery period.The result of this study showed that only independent commissioner variable showed significant negative influence on earnings management, both during global economic crisis and after global economic crisis. Moreover, the result of difference test showed that the influence of corporate governance on earnings management during global economic crisis was relatively similar to the period after global economic crisis.

This study was aimed to test the influence of managerial ownership, institutional ownership, size of board of commissioners, independent commissioners, and auditor reputation factors on earnings management during global economic crisis and after global economic crisis.The sample was all companies in manufacturing category in Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI). Observation period was 2007-2008 and 2009-2012 periods. The use of periods was aimed to separate the period during global economic crisis and after global economic crisis or recovery period.The result of this study showed that only independent commissioner variable showed significant negative influence on earnings management, both during global economic crisis and after global economic crisis. Moreover, the result of difference test showed that the influence of corporate governance on earnings management during global economic crisis was relatively similar to the period after global economic crisis.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify whether travel and tourism related web sites derive a certain personality type.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed the ten‐item personality inventory (TIPI) measure to assess personality dimensions of 188 tourism web sites including airlines, hotels, cruise lines, casinos, restaurants, and government funded travel web sites. Data analysis of 413 cases was conducted through mean comparisons and ANOVA.FindingsData identified web sites representing different segments of the hospitality and tourism industries do vary in relation to online personalities. More specifically, web sites for venues such as casinos were represented as extraverted while lodging web sites were deemed more conscientious.Research limitations/implicationsWhile this study aimed to identify web site personalities of businesses within the tourism segment, not all categories were represented. Furthermore, response choices were limited only 20 of the personality objectives from the TIPI personality scale were examined.Practical implicationsThis study demonstrated different personality characteristics are represented through tourism web sites, indicating providers may need to focus their web presence in a manner which engages potential travellers based on such features.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the body of scholarly research related to TIPI and further demonstrates consumer awareness and preference for web sites which augment their personality.

Urban tourism, characterized by a high share of international tourists in Slovakia, represents the specific type of tourism that is the main aim of this study. It includes analysis of bed capacities of collective accommodation establishments and urban tourism performance, which represent the basis for the subsequent typification of urban tourism centres. In typification, localization conditions and their attractiveness, which form the very basis of potential of urban tourism centres, are evaluated. Results of the research indicate, that urban tourism is one of the most important type of tourism in Slovakia. In the terms of tourism, the most valuable towns are those with high cultural and historical value (historical towns) and towns defined as spa resorts. The main objective of this paper is the quantification and spatial interpretation of urban tourism in Slovakia, which can serve as a geographical basis for further research.

Industrial Policy in Germany after the Global Financial And Economic Crisis

The global financial and economic crisis of 2008–9 that began in August 2007 with the sub-prime loans crisis in the US, affected Serbia very seriously, but with a delay of over a year. Like most countries in Eastern Europe, Serbia initially seemed resilient to the global financial crisis, but from mid-2008 it began to feel the effects very strongly. With the global financial and economic crisis, what emerged to the surface was not only the fragility of Serbia’s economy, due to the model of credit-driven growth and the resulting high dependence on capital inflows from abroad. The global economic crisis also revealed more general flaws of the transition strategy pursued in Serbia after 2001.

This chapter aims to identify the impact of the on-going global recession on migrant workers in East Asia whose movement and mobility are deeply embedded in East Asia’s regional development today. The current global crisis of neoliberalism has overshadowed the East Asian region as stagnating economic growth in its major export destinations slowed its growth. The severe downturn between 2008 and 2009 precipitated a tightening of international migration controls as well as interruptions to rural-urban movements in various countries. It was widely anticipated that the further development of the recession would generate a full-blown crisis of migration in East Asia. On initial examination, this would seem to fit the common assumption by policy-makers that labour migration is a temporary feature which in the event of an economic crisis can be simply ‘turned off’, mitigating the effect on the national population and institutions. However, drawing on secondary sources as well as the author’s extensive primary research on labour issues in East Asia, spanning two economic crises, this chapter shows that migration is an essential aspect of the regional integration of East Asia and its emergence as a centre of global capitalism. While the global economic crisis has indeed been met with nationalistic government rhetoric and migration restrictions, there is on-going demand for migrant labour among East Asian employers, indeed migrant labour is key to the intensification of labour and wage cuts deemed necessary to survive the recession. As a result, migration indicators have not been as deeply affected as initial warnings anticipated. Meanwhile, the tighter integration of migrant labour since the Asian economic crisis created a new context through which migrants’ political subjectivity has been formed. In China, Hong Kong, South Korea and Thailand, both stricter migration controls (whether genuine and effective or not) and employers’ attempts to squeeze migrant workers have faced a wave of protests from politically maturing migrants who have been increasingly developing their bargaining power within the expanding circuit of capital in integrating East Asia. Rather than leading to a crisis of migration, then, the current global economic crisis has intensified the struggles of labour which are a key feature of contemporary East Asian development. This chapter first discusses how the global economic crisis has affected East Asia, and triggered warnings of an impending crisis of migration. The second section puts this situation in historical context, highlighting the central role of migration in East Asian development over the last century, across a range of sectors and national economies. The third section demonstrates that the impact of the global economic crisis on migration, showing that the less significant or prolonged than one might expect, or government rhetoric suggests. The final section outlines the role of the global economic crisis in the development of migrant workers’ activism.

Foreword Stephen J. Ball, Meg Maguire and Ivor F. Goodson 1. Introduction: After the crash Andrew Gamble 2. Summoning spectres: crises and their construction John Clarke and Janet Newman 3. Is greed still good? Was it ever? Exploring the emoscapes of the global financial crisis Jane Kenway and Johannah Fahey 4. The global economic crisis, poverty and education: a perspective from India Geetha B. Nambissan 5. Governments and education reform: some lessons from the last 50 years Ben Levin 6. Accountability for public expenditure under Building Schools for the Future Jean Shaoul, Anne Stafford and Pamela Stapleton 7. After the fall: educational contracting in the USA and the global financial crisis Patricia Burch 8. Times of educational change: towards an understanding of patterns of historical and cultural refraction Ivor F. Goodson 9. The global economic crisis and educational development: responses and coping strategies in Asia Ka Ho Mok 10. Rhetorics of regulation in education after the global economic crisis David Hartley 11. Crisis, what crisis? Ken Jones