Abstract
Although perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have been identified in milk and dairy products in many regions, knowledge on their occurrence in Xinjiang (China) is rare. This study was conducted to measure the levels of PFOA and PFOS in milk and yogurt from Xinjiang and to investigate the average daily intake (ADI) of these two compounds. PFOA and PFOS levels were analyzed using ultrasonic extraction with methanol and solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Retail milk and yogurt samples present higher detection rates (39.6% and 48.1%) and mean concentrations (24.5 and 31.8 ng/L) of PFOS than those of PFOA (33.0% and 37.0%; 16.2 and 22.6 ng/L, respectively). For raw milk samples, only PFOS was detected. The differences in the levels of the two compounds between samples from the north and south regions were observed, and northern regions showed higher pollution levels than southern regions. On the basis of the retail milk measurements and consumption data, the ADIs of PFOA and PFOS for Xinjiang adults were calculated to be 0.0211 and 0.0318 ng/kg/day, respectively. Furthermore, the estimated intakes of PFOA and PFOS varied among different groupings (age, area, gender, and race) and increased with increasing age. Relevant hazard ratios were found to be far less than 1.0, and this finding suggested that no imminent health damages were produced by PFOA and PFOS intake via milk and yogurt consumption in the Xinjiang population.
Highlights
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are considered an emerging class of persistent organic pollutants with high thermal and chemical stability, strong bioinertia properties, long-distance transportation ability, and potential accumulation and toxicity
perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has a higher secretion through milk than perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) [19,27]
A recent study on PFOS and PFOA concentrations in human serum was conducted in Xinjiang [12], and the results showed that PFOS presented a high detection rate (93%) and a low value of 6% for PFOA, probably indicating that the environment of Xinjiang region was less contaminated by PFOA than PFOS
Summary
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are considered an emerging class of persistent organic pollutants with high thermal and chemical stability, strong bioinertia properties, long-distance transportation ability, and potential accumulation and toxicity. The large-scale production and use of PFASs over the past several decades have caused the contamination of the environment, biota or even humans [4,5]. Health concerns arising from PFASs have increased because of their ubiquitous presence and potential hazard effects on human health. Human and animal data suggested that PFASs may disrupt endocrine signaling and alter adipocyte profiles and expression of adipocyte genes [6]. Information on human exposure to PFASs has been published worldwide [7,8,9]
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