Abstract
Due to the widespread use of bisphenol analogues (BPs) as alternatives to bisphenol A (BPA), considerable attention for health risk has been shown in aquatic ecosystems. The occurrence and distribution of six BPs were researched in a soluble phase (<10−3 μm), colloidal phase (10−3 μm to 1 µm), and suspended particulate matter (SPM >1 µm) in a water diversion project of Nanjing, China. Except for bisphenol Z, all BPs were detected in two or three phases, where the total concentrations of detected BPs were 161–613 ng/L, 5.19–77.2 ng/L, and 47.5–353 ng/g for the soluble phase, colloidal phase, and SPM, respectively. Among the detected compounds, BPA is still the dominant BPs in the soluble and colloidal phases, which is followed by bisphenol-S , while bisphenol-AF was the major contaminant in SPM, followed by BPA. The mean contribution proportions of colloids were 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than SPM, which suggests that colloids have a clear impact on regulating BPs’ environmental behaviors. In terms of spatial distribution, the water diversion project could reduce the pollution levels of BPs, which might further affect the ecological security of the Yangtze River.
Highlights
Environmental hormone bisphenol-A (2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, bisphenol A (BPA)) has varying different adverse effects toward organisms, such as fish [1], rats [2], and human health [3]
9.7% of BPA, 9.6% of BPS, 14.4% of BPAF, 13.5% of BPF, and 23.5% of BPE were associated with colloids, which were covered in the results reported by Gong et al [26], where colloid-bound bisphenol analogues (BPs) ranged from 3.6% to
The results indicated that BPA, BPAF, BPS, and BPF were found to exist widely in SPM, colloidal and soluble phases, with the total concentration ranging from 47.5 to 353 ng/g, 5.19 to 77.1 ng/L, and 161 to 613 ng/L, respectively
Summary
Environmental hormone bisphenol-A (2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, BPA) has varying different adverse effects toward organisms, such as fish [1], rats [2], and human health [3]. In order to meet the market demand for products, various alternatives to BPA were widely used in industrial production. This includes bisphenol-S (4,40 -sulfonyldiphenol; BPS), which is widely used in the manufacture of epoxy resins [7], bisphenol-E (bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane, BPE) for cyanate resin [8], bisphenol-F (bis(4-hydroxypheny)methane; BPF) for epoxy resin reinforced with nano polyanilines [9], and bisphenol-AF (4,40 -(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphenol, BPAF) and bisphenol-Z (4,40 -(cyclohexane-1,1-diyl) diphenol, BPZ) for the manufacture of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics [10]. Public Health 2019, 16, 3296; doi:10.3390/ijerph16183296 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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