Occupation mismatch in Brazilian Metropolitan Areas: comparing immigrants and natives

For the United States in 1987-2014, I document at business cycle frequencies that the high-skill workers’ employer size wage premium is high (low) in times of low (high) unemployment relative to that of the low-skill workers. Specifically, the differential employer size wage premium between high-skill and low-skill workers has an unconditional correlation of -0.4 with the unemployment rate, and varies by about 6 percent over the business cycle. The skill premium itself does not exhibit a clear business cycle pattern over the sample period.

This article evaluates the impact of industrialization and urbanization on residential segregation by income among Brazilian metropolitan areas. Using data from the 1980 census of Brazil, the author finds that more-industrialized areas have lower segregation because they have lower income inequality. However, urbanization, particularly population size, explains most of the variation in segregation among metropolitan areas. The conclusion is that the extent of urbanization, which is dependent of industrialization, is key to understanding socioeconomic spatial inequalities in the large and rapidly growing cities of less-developed countries, but that conclusions regarding the effects of industrialization throught industrial location or investment in real estate have been overgeneralized.

Do inter-city differences in intra-city wage differentials have any interesting implications?

The COVID-19 pandemic posed a worldwide challenge, leading to radical changes in surgical services. The primary objective of the study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 on elective and emergency surgeries in a Brazilian metropolitan area. The secondary objective was to compare the postoperative hospital mortality before and during the pandemic. Time-series cohort study including data of all patients admitted for elective or emergency surgery at the hospitals in the Public Health System of Federal District, Brazil, between March 2018 and February 2022, using data extracted from the Hospital Information System of Brazilian Ministry of Health (SIH/DATASUS) on September 30, 2022. A causal impact analysis was used to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on elective and emergency surgeries and hospital mortality. There were 174,473 surgeries during the study period. There was a reduction in overall (absolute effect per week: -227.5; 95% CI: -307.0 to -149.0), elective (absolute effect per week: -170.9; 95% CI: -232.8 to -112.0), and emergency (absolute effect per week: -57.7; 95% CI: -87.5 to -27.7) surgeries during the COVID-19 period. Comparing the surgeries performed before and after the COVID-19 onset, there was an increase in emergency surgeries (53.0% vs 68.8%, P < 0.001) and no significant hospital length of stay (P = 0.112). The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on postoperative hospital mortality was not statistically significant (absolute effect per week: 2.1, 95% CI: -0.01 to 4.2). Our study showed a reduction in elective and emergency surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic, possibly due to disruptions in surgical services. These findings highlight that it is crucial to implement effective strategies to prevent the accumulation of surgical waiting lists in times of crisis and improve outcomes for surgical patients.

Social norms and commuting-to-work time of straight and gay couples in Brazilian metropolitan areas

The political, economic and social configurations of the last decades of the twentieth century and early twenty-first, modified and set new patterns of organization in society over the years. Female participation in the labor market has notified new proposals for consolidation and confirmation of the role of women in the social environment. Therefore, this article has as its central research proposal, to do an analysis of female participation in the labor market in Brazil metropolitan areas. The data are from the National Sample Survey (PNAD) and were analyzed in the cropping that covers the years 2001 and 2008. Key statistics showed the rise of female participation in the labor market with a higher incidence in the Economically Active Population (EAP) in the years under review. In addition, the female unemployment rate decreased in almost all Brazilian metropolitan areas, by raising the occupancy rate. However, they are a minority in the formal labor market, when compared to men, given the high share of employed unregistered. In addition, they are still minorities _ in occupations of greater social projection, despite a context of increasing in the share over the years. In relation to the occupations of lower social projection they are the majority in all the metropolitan areas. Given the results, there is, of course, selectivity in the labor market in metropolitan areas in Brazil, especially considering the occupation according to gender. In such scenario, it is appropriate to propose more political confirmation of women's work, with full rights guarantees for them and for those who are exposed to noticeably higher degree of exclusion and the right to equality.

Capital deepening may affect the evolution of the wage differential between skilled and unskilled workers differently in countries with different labor market institutions. If labor market institutions raise the relative wage of unskilled workers in Germany, firms have incentives to invest relatively more into capital equipment complementary to unskilled workers. Instead in the US, where wage-compressing institutions are weaker, firms invest more in high-skilled workers. We provide evidence consistent with this view based on an industry panel for West Germany and the US between the 1970s and 1990s. We show that capital equipment per worker is less positively associated with the wage differential in West Germany than in the US. This descriptive evidence is robust to many alternative measures for capital and skills. Our estimates imply that capital deepening in Germany in the 1980s is associated with a reduction in the wage differential of about 10-20% in most industries. In the US instead, capital deepening is associated with an increase of the wage differential between 5 and 15% in most industries.

Greenhouse gas emissions, water footprint, and ecological footprint of food purchases according to their degree of processing in Brazilian metropolitan areas: a time-series study from 1987 to 2018

Irregular red blood cell antibodies, abnormal hemoglobin and dangerous universal blood donor insights from a public blood center in a Brazilian metropolitan area

Data from the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization reveal that about one-third of global food intended for human consumption is wasted annually. This study investigated the determinants of household food waste in Brazilian metropolitan areas using an online survey. An ordered logit model was employed due to the hierarchical nature of the dependent variable. The results indicated that higher income and education levels correlate with increased waste; however, affluent households exhibited an inverse relationship. Effective nutrition planning reduced waste, while certain kitchen tools, training, and socio-environmental awareness also contributed to waste reduction.

This paper looks at sex differences in occupational trajectories of 20-30 year olds in metropolitan areas in Brazil.. The analysis of trajectories is done using the Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego – a longitudinal Monthly Employment Survey (PME/IBGE) conducted in Brazil between 2002 and 2007. The Grade of Membership (GoM) method was used to produce a typology. In order to produce the trajectory profiles, we used more than twenty string variables. The key variables among these that defined the groups are: occupational status, position in the family, level of education and per capita household income. The results show that there are five profiles that cover almost 100% of the sample. Analysing the individuals’ characteristics in each profile, we can classify them as “person excluded from work”, “precarious occupied workers”, “vulnerable occupied workers”, “hard workers” and “promising youth”. Young women predominate in the worst status profile (“people excluded from work”) and are in the same proportion in the best type (“promising youth”). Even analyzing the transitions, the female condition does not improve. In the exit towards occupation status, coming from unemployment and inactivity, there is a majority of men. Women, when moving, pass to inactive status. Only in “promising youth” profile, women transit more frequently into occupation than men. Ana F. MACHADO, Assistant Professor, CEDEPLAR, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. E-mail: afmachad@cedeplar.ufmg.br . Federico Barbosa de Melo, Assistant Professor, CEDEPLAR, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. E-mail: fred@dieese.org.br . Mariângela RANGEL PENIDO, Assistant Researcher, CEDEPLAR, Federal University of Minas Gerais, E-mail: mariangelarjpenido@yahoo.com.br

Urban green space disparities: Implications of environmental injustice for public health

The objective of this study was to investigate temporal variations in the distribution of hospital admissions occurring in the National Health System (SUS) in all Brazilian metropolitan areas between 1995 and 2006. This ecological, historical series study was performed using secondary data from 36 Brazilian metropolitan regions. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the data, and then subjected the data to Spearman correlation and curve estimation. The results indicate that the F test was significant in a decreasing order for the linear (p = 0.001), quadratic (p = 0.002) and cubic (p = 0.004) models. On the other hand, the R2 values showed an increasing order of values (0.277, 0.307 and 0.338), respectively. The cubic model showed that the mean percentage of hospital admissions in 2006 declined when compared to 1995. In conclusion, the percentage of admissions occurring in the SUS in Brazilian metropolitan areas decreased during the studied period. Descriptors: Hospitalization; Patient Admission; Information Services; Single Health System; Epidemiology.

Hysteresis versus NAIRU and convergence versus divergence: The behavior of regional unemployment rates in Brazil

In the process of European integration labour markets are assumed to be affected disproportionately in regions bordering on new EU member countries. According to the Feenstra-Hanson model low-skilled workers in the border regions are predicted to suffer notably from increasing trade and the relocation of production activities to low-wage countries, while high-skilled workers should benefit from the increasing market potential. Using data from the IAB employment subsample (IABS) and the employment register (BeH) the wage differentials between workers in eastern Bavaria and western German districts are estimated. These estimations show, while in the early years after the fall of the Iron Curtain a catching-up process set in for the bulk of employees in eastern Bavaria, the trend reverses after 1995 and the wage gap deepens again.