Abstract
Obstructive urolithiasis is the retention of urine subsequent to lodgment of calculi anywhere in the urinary conduct from up to urethral orifice. The disease results in heavy economic losses to the livestock industry as it is attributed the fifth most prevalent cause of death in feedlot. Obstructive urolithiasis is a serious, potentially fatal condition, most commonly causing symptoms in castrated male animals, but also occurring in breeding males. Many surgical approaches and techniques for the diagnosis and the treatment of the disease have been described with their relative merits and demerits in the literature.
Highlights
Obstructive urolithiasis is the retention of urine subsequent to lodgment of calculi anywhere in the urinary conduct from up to urethral orifice
Steers are most commonly affected by the obstructive form of the disease because of the anatomical confirmation of their urinary tract
The calculi are mostly found in urinary bladder, but can occur in renal pelvis & urethra [4]
Summary
The clinical signs associated with urolithiasis depend upon the degree of obstruction to free flow of urine. The major clinical signs reported during the onset of urolithiasis include anorexia, suspended rumination and decreased water intake. Progress the symptoms depicted are abdominal bilateral distention, tenesmus, colic, and weight shifting, and grinding of teeth, urethral pulsation [9] and tendency of rectal prolapsed. Urolithiasis should always be near the top of the differential list in male ruminants with signs of colic, in sheep and goats. Less specific signs include rectal prolapse, rumen stasis, tachycardia and tachypnea. There is severe damage to the bladder and urethral mucosa by uroliths which leads to haematuria [30], oligouria and dysuria [9]. Complete urethral obstruction results in death due to uraemia [13]
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