Abstract
1. 1. Activity of the mimetic muscles of the upper face were recorded from awake and anesthetized patients by surface electromyography (SEMG). 2. 2. High amplitude SEMG accompanied ketamine anesthesia and/or the presentation of pain-provoking stimuli. 3. 3. During periods of elevated facial muscle activity, fentanyl or butorphanol decreased SEMG amplitude. 4. 4. The opioid-induced SEMG depression was not consistently associated with either lowered vigilance or analgesia but did provide an objective measure of drug effect.
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