Abstract
AbstractChapter 2 presents the defective goal approach to object clitics in more detail and extends the approach in order to capture the variation between object markers as incorporated pronouns (non-doubling) or grammatical agreement (doubling). Whether languages have object marking at all depends on having a ϕ probe on v. The parametric variation between doubling and non-doubling is due to the structure of the DP: if [Person] forms its own projection on top of the DP, object marking will be doubling, if it does not and [Person] is a feature on D, object marking is non-doubling. Both can be derived using the same mechanism of Agree and defective goals. The feature [Person] also explains the patterns of differential object marking in Bantu languages, as [Person] is associated not just with first and second person, but also with animacy, definiteness, and givenness (141).
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