Abstract
V tomto ÄlĂĄnku v prvnĂ ĹadÄ uvĂĄdĂme struÄnĂ˝ pĹehled literatury na poli nĂĄvrhĹŻ metod eliminace daĹovĂ˝ch ĂşnikĹŻ. NaneĹĄtÄstĂ legislativa a politickĂŠ podmĂnky (smlouvy na zamezenĂ dvojĂho zdanÄnĂ a daĹovĂĄ soutÄĹž) znemoĹžĹujĂ uĹžitĂ nÄkterĂ˝ch velmi uĹžiteÄnĂ˝ch designĹŻ daĹovĂŠho systĂŠmu, navrhovanĂ˝ch v akademickĂŠ literatuĹe. Proto jsme se zamÄĹili na vlastnosti metod stanovenĂ transferovĂ˝ch cen doporuÄovanĂ˝ch ve smÄrnici OECD k transferovĂ˝m cenĂĄm - Cost+ metoda, comparable resale price method (CRP), profit split method (PSM) a comparable uncontrolled price method (CUP). PouĹžili jsme neoklasickĂŠho mikroekonomickĂŠho modelu firmy a simulaÄnĂ analĂ˝zy (nĂĄhodnĂŠ funkce nĂĄkladĹŻ a trĹžeb). Zjistili jsme, Ĺže PSM a CRP s fixnĂm diskontem zpĹŻsobujĂ vcelku rozsĂĄhlĂŠ distorze v optimĂĄlnĂm mnoĹžstvĂ produkce finĂĄlnĂho vĂ˝robku (a tĂm takĂŠ meziproduktu). PSM takĂŠ selhĂĄvĂĄ na nestabilitÄ ziskovosti v Äase mezi navazujĂcĂmi odvÄtvĂmi. NejnepĹĂjemnÄjĹĄĂ vlastnostĂ Cost+ a CRP, kterĂŠ ovĹĄem pĹi pouĹžitĂ procentnĂch pĹirĂĄĹžek (srĂĄĹžek) nevedou k distorzĂm produktovanĂŠho mnoĹžstvĂ, je Ĺže jsou velmi citlivĂŠ na kvalitu databĂĄze marĹžĂ, kterou v takovĂ˝ch pĹĂpadech daĹovĂĄ autorita pouĹžĂvĂĄ. CitlivĂŠ jsou zejmĂŠna danÄ ze zisku, zatĂmco DPH je pĹirozenÄ mĂŠnÄ citlivĂĄ, proto by dĹŻraz na DPH v rĂĄmci daĹovĂ˝ch pĹĂjmĹŻ stĂĄtnĂho rozpoÄtu mohl bĂ˝t ÄĂĄsteÄnĂ˝m ĹeĹĄenĂm problĂŠmu zdanÄnĂ nadnĂĄrodnĂch koncernĹŻ.
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