O outro, o mesmo, em três tempos: circularidades poéticas entre Angola e Brasil

Prenatal diagnosis of fetal congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung using three-dimensional ultrasound: Comparison between the 20th and 21st centuries

Prenatal diagnosis of fetal gastroschisis using three-dimensional ultrasound: Comparison between the 20th and 21st centuries

Carbon, nitrogen, and water response to climate and land use changes in Pennsylvania during the 20th and 21st centuries

The recent evolution of continental runoff is still an open question. A related and controversial question is the attribution of this change and its consequences on our predictions of the behavior of future runoff. Here, the Land Surface Model Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems is used to perform a set of transient simulations of the runoff from 1900 to 2100. We first show that the model's simulated runoff increases for the 20th century from a global point of view as well as its geographical pattern changes are close to the observations made in this paper. Moreover this trend is simulated to increase further during the 21st century under the SRES A2 scenario. We have designed a set of simulations to test the impact on global runoff evolution of three factors: climate, stomatal conductance, and vegetation growth, all sensitive to CO2 increase. A complete factor‐separation analysis of the influence of these three factors and of their interactions shows that climate change largely drives the 20th and 21st century runoff increase. The other two factors (stomatal conductance and vegetation growth) play a minor role in the 20th century runoff trend but we show that these contributions increase for the 21st century simulations. Although the interactions between the factors also plays a negligible role in the 20th century global runoff increase, our results show that they become significant during the 21st century, usually reducing the direct effect of each factor. However, our study does not reveal any important negative feedback to counteract the effect of climate warming on the hydrological cycle.

The article analyses memoirs by Lithuanians dealing with the Great War (1914-1918). The events of the early 20th century led to the emergence of Lithuanian independent state. They affected the lives of every Lithuanian, and shaped the most important part of individual and collective memory. Many famous political and cultural figures of that time left behind their memoirs. A variety of memoir literature opens a broad panorama of historical events and personal experiences, expressed in a wide diversity of forms. The article presents examples of the most notable memoirs from different fields. Aleksandras Uspenskis served in the Russian Army, Teodoras Reingardas in the Russian Navy, and Jurgis F. Jonaitis fought on the side of the Entente. The situation in occupied Lithuania is told by such authors as Gabrielė Petkevicaitė-Bitė (from North-Eastern Lithuania), priest Pranciskus Žadeikis (from North-West Lithuania) and Antanas Gintneris (from Southern Lithuania). Priest Pranas Bieliauskas writes about life during the war in Vilnius in his Diary of Vilnius. Memoirs by Martynas Ycas, who was the deputy of the Russian State Duma and a chairman of the Lithuanian War Relief Society, provides a detailed account about lives and affairs of Lithuanians who evacuated to Russia and views of Lithuanian intellectuals on the future of their homeland. The article, using methodological concepts of memory discourses (Maurice Halbwachs, Jan Assmann, Aleida Assmann, and etc.), aims to return this significant part of literature to the horizons of historical and cultural memory, and to analyse the interplay of memory vs. forgetfulness as political and social constructs in the context of historical cataclysms of the 20th century. Keywords: history, the Great War, independence, memory discourses, forgetfulness. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15823/zz.2018.2

Observed changes such as increasing global temperatures and the intensification of the global water cycle in the 20th century are robust results of coupled general circulation models (CGCMs). In spite of these successes, model-to-model variability and biases that are small in first order climate responses, however, have considerable implications for climate predictability especially when multi-model means are used. We show that most climate simulations of the 20th and 21st century A2 scenario performed with CMIP3 (Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 3) models have deficiencies in simulating the global atmospheric moisture balance. Large biases of only a few models (some biases reach the simulated global precipitation changes in the 20th and 21st centuries) affect the multi-model mean global moisture budget. An imbalanced flux of −0.14 Sv exists while the multi-model median imbalance is only −0.02 Sv. Moreover, for most models the detected imbalance changes over time. As a consequence, in 13 of the 18 CMIP3 models examined, global annual mean precipitation exceeds global evaporation, indicating that there should be a ‘leaking’ of moisture from the atmosphere whereas for the remaining five models a ‘flooding’ is implied. Nonetheless, in all models, the actual atmospheric moisture content and its variability correctly increases during the course of the 20th and 21st centuries. These discrepancies therefore imply an unphysical and hence ‘ghost’ sink/source of atmospheric moisture in the models whose atmospheres flood/leak. The ghost source/sink of moisture can also be regarded as atmospheric latent heating/cooling and hence as positive/negative perturbation of the atmospheric energy budget or non-radiative forcing in the range of −1 to +6 W m−2 (median +0.1 W m−2). The inter-model variability of the global atmospheric moisture transport from oceans to land areas, which impacts the terrestrial water cycle, is also quite high and ranges from 0.26 to 1.78 Sv. In the 21st century this transport to land increases by about 5% per century with a model-to-model range from 1 to 13%. We suggest that this variability is weakly correlated to the land–sea contrast in air temperature change of these models. Spatially heterogeneous forcings such as aerosols contribute to the variability in moisture transport, at least in one model. The polewards shifts of dry zones in climate simulations of the 21st century are also assessed. It is shown that the multi-model means of the two subsets of models with negative and positive imbalances in the atmospheric moisture budget produce spatial variability in the dry zone positions similar in size to the spatial shifts expected from 21st century global warming. Thus, the selection of models also affects the multi-model mean dry zone extension. In general, we caution the use of multi-model means of E − P fields and suggest self-consistency tests for climate models.

The aims of this study are to investigate the structure of four historical Moroccan cedar softwood samples of different aging time duration (16th, 17th, 19th, 21st centuries) and compare among these four samples, using two analytical methods, FTIR and XRD, in order to confirm some structural changes and determine the degree of deterioration. The pronounced hemicellulose deterioration was highlighted by a breakdown of IR acetyl groups at 1738 cm−1 from the 19th century sample until aged ones. The cellulose XRD crystallinity index showed an important decrease from recent to oldest samples (51.8 to 20.2%) justifying the damages mainly in the two oldest samples (17th and 16th centuries), also confirmed by FTIR. The alteration of lignin was manifested in the case of the two ancient samples (16th and 17th centuries), proven by the decrease in IR bands related to aromatic nuclei (1595, 1500, 1230 cm−1) evolving towards a new diconjugate C=O formers at 1647 cm−1 (quinone, Ar-CO-Ar, Ar-CO-C=C). For accurate elucidation, the data of two combined techniques were compared and correlated. The obtained results depended on the part of the wood exposed to weathering effects (internal or external) and were influenced by both extended time of aging and effects of natural deterioration agents. The effects of natural aging were investigated in four historical Moroccan cedar softwood samples (16th, 17th, 19th, 21st centuries) using two analytical tools: FTIR and XRD. The pronounced hemicellulose deterioration was highlighted by a breakdown of IR acetyl groups at 1738 cm−1 and declines in the absorption signal at 1268 cm−1 from the 19th century sample until aged ones. The cellulose XRD crystallinity index (CrI) estimation showed an important decrease from recent to oldest samples (51.8 to 20.2%) justifying the damages mainly in the two oldest samples (17th and 16th centuries). These data were also confirmed by FTIR showing a significant reduction in both area profiles of C-O-C (1150–1000 cm−1) and C-H crystalline cellulosic bands (1375, 1318, and 1268 cm−1), respectively. The lignin alteration in both old samples (16th and 17th centuries) was proven by the decrease in IR aromatic skeleton (1595, 1500, and 1230 cm−1) evolving towards a new diconjugate C=O formers at 1647 cm−1 (quinone, Ar-CO-Ar, Ar-CO-C=C). To determine the structural difference and the degree of deterioration, the IR area of C=O band intensities ranging from 1550 to 1800 cm−1 was exploited. For accurate elucidation, the data of two combined techniques were compared and correlated. The obtained results depended on the part of the wood (internal or external) exposed to weathering effects and were influenced by both extended time of aging and effects of natural deterioration agents.

Background: Antiepileptic drugs are the cornerstone of treatment in patients with epilepsy. AIM: to examine the spectrum of antiepileptic drugs across different generations and trends in their use over the 20th and 21st centuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted in 2022–2024. Study population: patients with a verified diagnosis of epilepsy. Study focus: antiepileptic drug therapy. Patients with a verified diagnosis of epilepsy were divided into 2 groups: group 1 included patients from the 20th century with epilepsy duration of more than 20 years as of 2020; group 2 included patients from the 21st century with epilepsy duration of less than 20 years. The history of antiepileptic drugs use was evaluated by generation: first-generation (traditional/older), second-generation (newer), and third-generation (most recent). The frequency of first-generation antiepileptic drugs use was calculated both as a percentage and as the mean number of antiepileptic drugs per patient for the 20th and 21st centuries. RESULTS: The study included 60 patients: group 1 comprised 28 patients and group 2, 32 patients. The mean age and disease duration in the overall cohort were 31.5±9.3 years and 19.5±9.1 years, respectively; the male-to-female ratio was 1:1. The mean number of antiepileptic drugs used per patient over time was 5.1±2.3 (range, 2–10). First-generation antiepileptic drugs were used in 61% of patients in group 1 and 42% in group 2; second-generation in 32% and 46%, respectively; and third-generation in 7% and 12%, respectively. The mean number of first-generation antiepileptic drugs per patient across the cohort was 2.2±1.5, with group-specific means of 3.1 in group 1 and 1.3 in group 2. Barbiturates accounted for 24% of prescriptions in group 1 and 5% in group 2; benzodiazepines, for 5% and 0%, respectively; valproates, for 26% in both groups; and carbamazepine, for 13% and 8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: An increased use of newer-generation antiepileptic drugs (anticonvulsants) was observed in the 21st century, with a marked decline in older-generation drugs, primarily due to decreased use of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Valproic acid and carbamazepine have maintained their roles in epilepsy management.

This article considers the aspects of agriculture of the Nizhegorodskaya gubernia in the 19th and 21st centuries. It utilizes information contained in historical materials from the reports of the Nizhny Novgorod expedition under the leadership of V.V. Dokuchaev, as well as data on areas of cultivated crops in 2006. In the 19th century, the types of cultivated crops, the planted area, and the proportion of fertilized arable land largely depended on the composition of the soil cover and meteorological conditions, as well as on the harvest of the previous years. In the 21st century, there were no notable influence of differences in natural conditions, the share of fertilized arable land in different parts of the region was practically the same, and it did not depend on the composition of the soil cover.

In many climate model simulations using realistic, time‐varying climate change forcing agents for the 20th and 21st centuries, the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) weakens in the 21st century, with little change in the 20th century. Here we use a comprehensive climate model to explore the impact of various climate change forcing agents on the THC. We conduct ensembles of integrations with subsets of climate change forcing agents. Increasing greenhouse gases – in isolation – produce a significant THC weakening in the late 20th century, but this change is partially offset by increasing anthropogenic aerosols, which tend to strengthen the THC. The competition between increasing greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols thus produces no significant THC change in our 20th century simulations when all climate forcings are included. The THC weakening becomes significant several decades into the 21st century, when the effects of increasing greenhouse gases overwhelm the aerosol effects.

Surface Temperature (ST) over India has increased by ~0.055 K/decade during 1860–2005 and follows the global warming trend. Here, the natural and external forcings (e.g., natural and anthropogenic) responsible for ST variability are studied from Coupled Model Inter-comparison phase 5 (CMIP5) models during the 20th century and projections during the 21st century along with seasonal variability. Greenhouse Gases (GHG) and Land Use (LU) are the major factors that gave rise to warming during the 20th century. Anthropogenic Aerosols (AA) have slowed down the warming rate. The CMIP5 projection over India shows a sharp increase in ST under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 where it reaches a maximum of 5 K by the end of the 21st century. Under RCP2.6 emission scenarios, ST increases up to the year 2050 and decreases afterwards. The seasonal variability of ST during the 21st century shows significant increase during summer. Analysis of rare heat and cold events for 2080–2099 relative to a base period of 1986–2006 under RCP8.5 scenarios reveals that both are likely to increase substantially. However, by controlling the regional AA and LU change in India, a reduction in further warming over India region might be achieved.

The paper is devoted to the issues of conceptualization of legal development in the 20th and 21st centuries. The paper investigates social relations that determined the global law evolution in the 20th century, as well as changes in macroregulation in the first quarter of the century under consideration. The subject matter of the analysis covers theoretical understanding of the development vectors in the essence of law at the turn of the last two centuries.As a scientific hypothesis, the author puts forward the statement regarding regulatory specificity and a special strategic role of the 20th century for subsequent legal development. Proving this hypothesis, the author structures the directions of global transformation of social essence and social interrelations of law in the preceding period. The author also shows that these changes have led to the rise of a systemic postclassical legal tradition. The author has described its characteristics and the role in the formation of a new legal identity of the 21st century. The paper also examines the signs of novelty of the law of the present century. The author determines the features of its regulatory individuality generated by technological changes. It is concluded that the novelty of the law of the present century is preconditioned by the combination of Postmodern and the era of introduction of technological regulators.The paper shows the directions of formation of regulatory individuality of the 21st century, its contradictions related to the legal adaptation of a new technological order. It is concluded that the legal regulation moves towards inclusion patterns of nature and new biological and virtual states of the man in its immediate subject matter. The legal complex integrates the methodology of technology and the artificial language of technology, which results in providing a significant insight into the boundaries of social and technical norms.The paper questions the possible rupture of the legal tradition, which the 21st century is bringing, the factors of its aggravation, including the pandemic. The assumption is formulated that a new law arises in the system of innovative interrelations in the technological sphere that leads to the restructuring of institutions of law and legal relations, as well as to the formation of new value properties of law—its syncreticism, integration of the individual and the general, non-subjectivity, non-objectivity, public-private permeability, anthropomorphism.

Abstract. The pioneering study of Chinese marine ostracods was done by George Stewardson Brady using specimens from Hong Kong in the 19th century. Since then, Robin C. Whatley and Quanhong Zhao restudied Brady's Hong Kong materials by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in the 1980s. Whatley and Zhao's studies substantially reduced the taxonomic uncertainty of Brady's Hong Kong species. These studies provide important information on the historical ecology of the less urban 19th-century Hong Kong, especially in comparison with a recent comprehensive survey on Hong Kong ostracods. Here, we (1) show a full list of Hong Kong ostracods studied by Brady with up-to-date taxonomy and then (2) compare Hong Kong ostracod species in Brady's 19th-century study and in a comprehensive 21st-century survey. Our comparison is qualitative and has limitations with uncertainties related to Brady's 19th-century study. Our results nonetheless indicate that four ostracod species known to be sensitive to pollution, eutrophication, or deoxygenation were reported in Brady's study, with only one tolerant species being reported there, whereas tolerant species tend to be much more abundant compared to sensitive species in Hong Kong in the 21st century. Brady also reported >10 species which are now rare in Hong Kong. These species might have been more abundant in the 19th century because of pre-industrial, near-pristine environments. In addition, many of these rare species are known as tropical species, and, at the same time, several temperate species now abundant in Hong Kong were not reported by Brady. Hong Kong's sea surface temperature is known to have been ∼ 1–2 °C higher ∼ 100 years ago than in the present. This recent cooling may have diminished the tropical species and aided the temperate species in subtropical Hong Kong. Our results suggest that the marine environment in 19th-century Hong Kong was much healthier, so the abundance of tolerant species was lower, giving Brady a lower chance to encounter them. He also had a better chance of finding tropical species in subtropical Hong Kong because of warmer sea temperatures at that time. These results highlight the importance of historical ecology by revisiting zoological studies by natural historians in the 19th and early 20th centuries. They documented a “natural baseline” ecosystem before the substantial human presence with industrialization.

Climate Record: Surface Temperature Trends

This is the first chapter of Jan Assmann's book on Cultural Memory, Script, Recollection, and Political Identity in Early Civilizations (so far only available in German) in which the author develops a theory of collective in related to examples from early high cultures. The author stresses that the culture of recollection is a form of social obligation determining the identity and self-assessment of a group. It is a universal phenomenon, as every collective needs to define itself with the help of and thus brings about communion. The culture of recollection pertains to staking out social horizons of meaning and time. It is in one's that one reconstructs the Past, and it is the culture of recollection that supplies us with different forms and means of relating to the Past. Death is the most basic form of a break with the past, a break that provokes the necessity to relate to the past and stands therefore at the beginning of the culture of recollection. While the word tradition only stresses continuity, progression, and resumption, Jan Assmann introduces the notion of cultural memory characterized by emotive attachment as well as a deliberate reference to the past that overcomes the breach by allowing for both: and oblivion. Based on the writings of the French sociologist Maurice Halbwachs, Jan Assmann discusses the possibility of collective as opposed to individual memory. While individuals are the carriers of memory, the of individuals cannot exist without the social frames a given collective defines. Recollections, even of the most intimate kind, are formed solely through communication and interaction within the scope of a social group. This implies that the individual can only remember what fits into the social frames of his or her present. Thus every historical fact is transposed into a figure to be substantiated by a specific place and a specific time. This form of collective testifies to their group membership for those who share in it. A social group that constitutes itself as a communion will safeguard its past mainly under two aspects: its unique character, and its duration. It will, in its self-image, emphasize external distinctions while playing down internal ones. At the very point where the past is no longer remembered, history sets in. Historiography starts where ends. History as the product of historiography is abstract, and the opposite of which is always collective, i.e. group-specific and identity-concrete.