O mercado de educação superior no Brasil: estrutura e conduta num mercado não-tradicional

Higher education is extremely important for economic and social development. However, the higher education product has intrinsic traits that require State intervention in the sector, which hinders the analysis of the industry via traditional methods of the Economics discipline. This study aimed to carry out an analysis of competition in the Brazilian higher education sector, focusing on high quality institutions and using the modus operandi of antitrust authorities around the world as a baseline. Specifically, analytical techniques from the field of Industrial Organization have been employed, in addition to the application of non-parametric method of data envelopment analysis to gauge efficiency in the industry. Results showed that public higher education institutions (HEIs) face competitive pressure from high-quality private HEIs. Additionally, relevant markets present a wider scope, with either regional or national range, depending on schools’ quality. In general, markets are not concentrated and do not raise anticompetitive concerns. Independent admissions exams, product differentiation, and price discrimination were identified as the main conducts carried out by schools. Finally, data envelopment analysis shows that average efficiency in the sector is high, scale economies are highly relevant, and public institutions are in average more efficient than their private counterparts.

Problem setting. Leasing out property that is involved in educational, academic, training and production, scientific activities by the public institutions of higher education often leads to violation of the rights of other participants in educational activities. They are sure to be a result of violating the limits, established by the current legislation, of exercising the rights to leasing out property by the public institutions of higher educational. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The issues of state property lease have been studied by many scholars. Basic research in this area has been conducted by I. Spasibo-Fatieieva, O. Lipetsker, Ye.Kazarenko, V. Steshenko, M. Pronina, S. Puhinsky, T. Potapenkova, Yu.Basin, D. levenson, N. Khashchivska, N. Milovska and other scientists. Target of research. The aim of the paper is a comprehensive study and analysis of the limits of exercising the rights by the public institutions of higher education to leasing out their own property. To achieve this goal the following tasks should be solved: 1) to define the limits of exercising the rights by the public institutions of higher education to leasing out their own property; 2) to determine the legal consequences of concluding lease agreements by the public higher educational institutions in violation of current legislation. Article’s main body. The article conducts a general study and analysis of the right of the public institutions of higher education to lease property. The author emphasizes that public higher educational institutions have the right to lease out only real estate and other individually identified property. The legal consequences of concluding lease agreements by public higher educational institutions in violation of the current legislation have been studied. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Summarizing the results of the study we can formulate the following conclusions. The public institutions of higher education have the right to lease out real estate and other individually determined property in the manner prescribed by law and subject to statutory restrictions (without the right of redemption and sublease, when it does not worsen the social and living conditions of persons studying or working in the educational institution). While leasing the property, the public higher educational institution realizes primarily their own property interests, at the same time, indirectly realizing the property interests of the state. If the lease agreement of real estate and other individually determined property of higher educational institutions is recognized as invalid, it may be recognized as invalid only for the future.

Due to the transition process in Croatia that started about three decades ago, higher education institutions (HEIs) are forced to intensively involve themselves in market competition and become market and entrepreneurial oriented in order to keep up with new trends in higher education. The branding process in HEIs has become one of the major activities in creating value and gaining market position in many countries, including Croatia. The aim of this study is to provide a deeper insight into and understanding of differences in brand market value perceptions of students of public and private HEIs in Croatia. Altogether, 443 students (242 from a public HEI and 201 from a private HEI) responded to a questionnaire based on Aaker’s model of brand equity, from which a t-test and a correlation analysis showed that the public HEI was significantly better only in the dimension of other proprietary brand assets, while in the private HEI all other dimensions of brand market value were evaluated better. However, brand market value itself was significantly higher in the public sector HEI, mainly due to the perception of “value for money” and functional benefits, i.e., employability. The study identified several factors that need to be taken into account when branding private and public HEIs in Croatia.

Management of lean waste in a public higher education institution

Higher education is a public good as well as a public responsibility. It is realized from higher education institutions and is regulated by higher education legislation in the Republic of Albania. From January 2014 in Albania started a reform process in higher education and research. The way how this reform is realized is a particular way because the drafting of it is entrusted to an independent Commission. The Commission consists of academics and experts in higher education. The result of the reform consists in a draft law which abrogates the law no.9741, dated 21.5.2007 “On higher education in the Republic of Albania”. The draft law has already initiated its legislative process. This paper seeks to be one of the first works that examines some of the innovations in this draft law. The draft consists of thirteen chapters. In my opinion two are the most important innovations. The first innovation relates to the proposal of a new way of organizing and functioning of institutions of higher education which clearly separates academic and administrative leadership. The highest academic governing body is the Academic Senate and the highest academic authority remains the Rector of the Institution which is its legal representative for academic affairs. The highest administrative governing body is the Board of Administration, which guarantees the fulfilment of the mission of the institution and its financial and administrative conduct. The draft law creates a new figure who is the administrator of the Institution who is the highest administrative authority responsible for the financial functioning of the institution. The administrator is the legal representative of the institution for financial and administrative matters. This paper will analyze the relationship between academic and administrative structures. A hotly debated innovation of the reform is the creation of another type of institution which is the Independent public institution of higher education known as a public legal person. The special thing about this institution is that it is created as a result of the transformation of the existing institutions of higher education, on their demand, but only when they meet preset criteria set by law. Can be transformed into public legal persons not only public institutions, but also non-public higher education. The new institution is non-profit and regardless of the origin of the foundation, the institution applies the same rules of organization. To the new institution will apply the provisions for public institutions of higher education in all cases when is not otherwise provided. The methodology used will be analytical. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n2s2p46

<p style="text-align:justify">Implementing internal quality assurance activities is an indispensable condition to form a quality culture in higher education institutions in Vietnam which contributing to a fundamental and comprehensive renovation of Vietnamese higher education. The purpose of this research was to assess the correlation of internal quality assurance on the formation of quality culture through the types of higher education institution in Vietnam. A group of 222 teachers from 8 higher education institutions (4 public higher education institutions and 4 private higher education institutions) in Ho Chi Minh city participated in the survey. The questionnaire included three groups which are internal quality assurance activities, awareness of individuals, and organizational culture. The results showed that the correlation between internal quality assurance and the formation of quality culture is difference between two types of higher education institutions, in which with autonomy in higher education institution administration, the level of application of guaranteed the internal quality assurance activities is associated with quality culture developing in private higher education institutions higher than public higher education institutions.</p>

Purpose Sustainable marketing, which emerged as the third development phase of green marketing, evolved from the economics of sustainable development. It is defined as a simultaneous balanced approach that incorporates and integrates economic, environmental and social goals, while meeting the needs of all stakeholders and respecting the needs of future generations. Such an approach is considered an obligation, rather than an option, and it represents the focus of this doctoral dissertation. In our post-industrial society, highly-educated human resources and knowledge are the most valuable resources and the key prerequisites for the economic development, prosperity and well-being of each individual and of the society as a whole. Therefore, the traditional role of higher education and its institutions has become more important, and this in turn determines great challenges as these institutions are considered the essence of intellectual, cultural, social and technological development of the community (Meštrović, 2017), the fundamental lever and spitirus movens for sustainable development of the society as a whole. Existing research in the field of sustainable marketing is predominantly focused on forprofit sector, while a further extensive and comprehensive literature review identified the lack of research addressing sustainable marketing in the context of public sector, including the higher education sector and public higher education institutions. In order to address the identified research gap and follow the relevant research recommendations, the basic objectives of this dissertation were defined as follows: (1) to investigate and design a systematic and comprehensive critical account of the existing theoretical knowledge in the field of sustainable marketing, (2) to develop and test a conceptual model aimed at measuring the impact of sustainable marketing in higher education, defined by three dimensions: promotion and education for sustainable development, sustainable marketing activities and implementation benefits, on higher education performance, assessed by service quality and success in achieving the multiple objectives of higher education institution, and (3) to test the proposed hypotheses. Methodology To achieve the empirical objectives of the study, a two-stage approach was adopted. The comprehensive literature review was followed by exploratory primary research suitable to explore the attitudes and perceptions of key stakeholders on sustainable marketing and its application in higher education institutions, using a developed measurement instrument to capture attitudes and perceptions toward manifest forms of sustainable marketing in higher education. The research was conducted using a pre-tested online questionnaire on a purposive sample of experts, where 104 valid and complete responses from selected stakeholders related to higher education were received. Qualitative analysis was conducted using the Hotjar online numerical coding and content analysis application (Hotjar Ltd., 2014-2019) to gain insight into higher education stakeholders’ perceptions and understanding of the concept and the importance of sustainable marketing. Quantitative analysis of the collected data was then conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 23.0) programme to determine the dimensionality, validity and reliability of the measurement instrument. Subsequently, the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation was applied to determine the manifest variables of the construct (Mejovšek, 2013), with the aim of distinguishing its fundamental factors, since the factor structure was not already known from previous studies. The multidimensional structure of the proposed measurement instrument of sustainable marketing in higher education (Meštrović et al., 2021) and the unidimensional structure of the developed measurement instrument for the multiple objectives of higher education institutions were determined, to be used in the main study. Following pilot testing, the primary quantitative empirical main study was conducted as in the previous exploratory study, using an anonymous Google Forms online questionnaire between May 10 and May 30, 2019. Using a convenience sample in addition to a snowball sampling to reach a wider range and larger number of higher education stakeholders, a total number of 12.317 respondents approached the questionnaire. Since all survey questions were mandatory, the number of completed questionnaires without missing values reached 2.189, and after the data cleaning, 146 questionnaires were excluded due to the inconsistencies in responses, illogical responses and responses with often extreme or same answers through a series of posed questions. Finally, the total number of 2.043 respondents, consisting of 1.663 (81,40 %) students and 380 (18,60 %) other higher education stakeholders as per the screening question, resulted in a response rate of 16,59 %, which was found to be adequate as similar studies have yielded an average response rate of 15 % (Malhotra & Birks, 2000; Ivy, 2008). The sample was described using descriptive statistical analysis, which was also used to evaluate the constructs’ items’ mean scores and coefficients of kurtosis and skewness. To explore the research question if there are differences in mean scores between the two observed samples, the Mann-Whitney U-test for independent samples was used to determine the presence of statistically significant differences in the mean scores of the variables of the sustainable marketing in higher education construct. Finally, two structural models were developed for both observed samples. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to evaluate both structural models and to test the proposed relationships between their constructs. Findings The results of the descriptive statistical analysis demonstrate that respondents in both samples (i.e. students and other stakeholders) rated all dimensions of sustainable marketing in higher education institution (i.e. promotion and education for sustainable development, sustainable marketing activities and implementation benefits) with relatively high average scores. Students evaluated the performance of higher education institution’s by evaluating the perceived service quality ( = 4,43) and other higher education stakeholders by rating the perceived success in achieving the multiple objectives of higher education institution ( = 4,86). The Mann-Whitney U-test for independent samples demonstrates that only 17,65 % or 6 out of the total 34 variables of sustainable marketing in higher education construct are not statistically and significantly different in the mean scores between students and other higher education stakeholders, thus confirming the hypothesis H2 There are statistically significant differences in the mean scores of the sustainable marketing in higher education measurement construct’s items between students and other higher education stakeholders. The Confirmative Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted as recommended by Hair et al. (2010) to confirm the factor structures of the underlying latent variables proposed by EFA. The three-dimensional structure of the Sustainable Marketing in Higher Education construct was confirmed and yielded satisfactory results (χ² = 23286,275, df = 1048,000, p = 0,000, CFI = 0,902, NFI = 0,801, TLI = 0,830, SRMR = 0,079). The CFA results of the adapted Service Quality instrument did not show a satisfactory fit as a multidimensional construct developed in previous research (Štimac & Leko Šimić, 2012; Barilović et al., 2013; Leko Šimić & Štimac, 2013), but yielded acceptable measures as the unidimensional construct (χ² = 5869,980, df = 90,000, p = 0,000, CFI = 0,917, NFI = 0,916, TLI = 0,862, SRMR = 0,039), as well as the unidimensional construct Achievement of Multiple Objectives of Higher Education Institution (χ² = 1068,611, df = 89,000 p = 0,000, CFI = 0,907, NFI = 0,804, TLI = 0,813, SRMR = 0,061). The obtained CFA results defined the framework for model development. Accordingly, two structural models were developed for both observed samples. The reliability and validity of both models were confirmed, as was hypothesis H1, which states that Sustainable Marketing in Higher Education is the multidimensional higherorder construct. Finally, the research findings confirmed the statistically significant positive impact of sustainable marketing in higher education on the performance of the higher education institution as assessed by service quality and success in achieving the multiple objectives of the higher education institution, thus confirming the hypotheses H3 There is statistically significant direct positive impact of sustainable marketing on higher education institution’s performance, perceived as service quality (ß = 0,406, t-value = 22,335, p = 0,000), and H4 There is statistically significant direct positive impact of sustainable marketing on higher education institution’s performance, perceived as success in achieving the multiple objectives of the higher education institution (ß = 0,141, t-value = 6,412, p = 0,000).

On August 13, 2017, the Philippine government enacted into law the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act (UAQTE) or Republic Act 10931, also known as Free Tuition Law, which mandates all public higher education institutions (HEIs) and government-run technical-vocational institutions (TVIs) to provide free quality tertiary education among eligible Filipino students. This long-awaited policy aims to increase access to tertiary education, particularly for students from poorer households. These goals are intended to be achieved through the implementation of four component programs under the law, namely, (a) free tuition and other school fees in public higher education institutions, (b) free tuition in TESDA technical-vocational training institutes (TVIs), (c) tertiary education subsidy (TES), and (d) student loan program. The study is an early assessment of the RA 10931 during its first year of implementation. Given the limited time and resources, the study concentrated on the implementation of the higher education component and was not able to cover the implementation component on TESDA TVIs. The study investigated the program design and objectives, as specified by the law and its implementing rules and regulations, as well as how these are perceived and understood by key implementing actors. The study also collected initial accounts from key stakeholders and implementers on their experiences in the implementation of the law and the delivery of the policy benefits to intended recipients. The study also examined the organizational and resource requirements for the implementation of the law during this transition period. Finally, the study did an online information gathering and processed available administrative data of pertinent agencies to provide support to information generated from qualitative methods mentioned earlier. Examining the first-year enrollment data, one noteworthy observation is that public HEIs were able to recover from declines in enrollment due to the introduction of Grades 11 and 12 better than private HEIs in AY 2018-2019. This is true at least among the universities included in the sample of the study. There are also indications of a widening gap in the share of public and private HEI enrollment, also among first year students. Duly recognizing that the law is still in the transition period of implementation, the study raises concerns that emerged from the interviews and quantitative information and presents recommendations to strengthen the law's implementation and enhance the chances of achieving its desired outcomes.

The article is devoted to the topic of management accounting by responsibility centers in public institutions of higher education. The relevance of the article is due to the need to improve the efficiency of management of public institutions of higher education. The high level of centralization of management systems of state institutions of higher education and the need to decentralize these systems requires the formation of a culture of responsibility for the results of work among the heads of structural units and the creation of a system of high-quality information support for such management. The purpose of the article is to study the classification of responsibility centers of public higher education institutions and the principles of their separation in the organizational structures of these institutions. In the course of preparing the article, general and special methods of scientific research were used, in particular, the method of content analysis when studying the essence of responsibility centers and the organization of management accounting in their context, classification when identifying types of responsibility centers of state higher education institutions, analogy and specification when substantiating the principles of forming responsibility centers of state higher education institutions. The main results of the study presented in the article include: substantiation of the relevance and feasibility of organizing management accounting by responsibility centers in state higher education institutions; classification and establishment of types of responsibility centers in state higher education institutions; substantiation of the principles of separating responsibility centers in state higher education institutions; proposals for a list of responsibility centers for a typical Ukrainian state higher education institution; main indicators for evaluating the results of the activities of responsibility centers in state higher education institutions. The results of the study are the basis for the introduction of decentralization of management in public higher education institutions in Ukraine.

Due to the competitive environment, the changes in the higher education landscape and limited financial resources, higher education institutions are forced to evaluate and review their marketing strategies in order to recruit suitably qualified students. This study will examine the impact of the current promotional tools at public higher education institutions in the Tshwane metropolitan region. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the promotional tools used by public higher education institutions in the Tshwane Metropolitan Region from a student perspective. Furthermore, the study strived to establish whether the demographics of the students played a role regarding the value they attach to choice factors when selecting a higher education institution. Prospective students will benefit from the study because promotional tools were identified to make informed decisions about their institution of choice. The study also identified the effect of the existing promotional tools used as sources of information by students and identified the most appropriate promotional tools to enable proper allocation of the promotional budget. An empirical study was conducted using a questionnaire adapted from Wiese (2008) study. Likert scale was used to structure questions. Non-probability sampling was used to select first year students from two public institutions in the Tshwane Metropolitan Region. Data was captured into a software package and analysed using SPSS Version 18. Descriptive statistics summarised the results of the research questions, namely; socio demographical profile of respondents, factors influencing students’ decision making process, the information sources used by students and the effectiveness of promotional tools. The results of this study showed that students preferred higher education institutions to use personal communication tools for student recruitment. Interestingly, students rated social media as one of the most important communication methods. Furthermore, emphasis on the core product and specific aspects of the tangible product and augmented product was found. It was also noted that students from diverse backgrounds and provinces used different sources of information during their search for enrolment at a higher education institution. The study limitations were that the survey was only restricted at two higher education institutions in the Tshwane metropolitan region. It was noted that marketing practitioners at higher education institutions may renew their existing promotional tools (open days and career exhibitions) to gain competitive advantage.

The paper considers the ways to optimize financing public higher education institutions of Ukraine. Public higher education institutions acutely feel the lack of financial resources. The study describes that it is necessary to reform the models, methods and forms of financing higher education institutions. The paper explains the impact of autonomy of higher education institutions on their development. The autonomy level of university determines the possibilities for diversification from additional sources. The results found that more autonomy of higher education institutions will allow them effectively generate and use financial resources. The review outlines the diversification of financial resources public universities. One of the key factors of the university success is to implement the diversification strategy into the overall academic strategy and mission of the higher education institution. The analysis recommends the performance-based funding system and public higher education institutions achieve certain performance indicators. The performance-based funding system will promote higher competitiveness of education institutions and improve the quality of higher education in general. The conclusions suggest the development trends of financing public higher education institutions of Ukraine.

The study reported in this paper investigated foundation phase teacher provision by the public universities in South Africa, with a view to carefully and accurately determine the extent to which foundation phase teacher provision matched national as well as provincial needs. The study draws on data obtained through a survey of teacher provision at the public higher education institutions (HEIs), conducted by the national Department of Education (DoE) in 2009, as well as from data relating to teacher education qualifications and programmes in the Higher Education Management Information System (HEMIS).The study confirmed perceptions that the number of new foundation phase teachers being produced by the public higher education institutions (HEIs) falls short of national and provincial needs, and that the provision of African language foundation phase teachers is particularly problematic, especially in the context of mother-tongue instruction in the early years.

Purpose: This paper explores the application of sustainable marketing practices in higher education institutions, focusing in particular on the perspectives and experiences of students as direct users of the service. Given that sustainability has become an important issue globally, integration of sustainable principles intothe marketing strategies of educational institutions becomes imperative. It was found that the existing academic literature contains only a very limited number of studies in the area of applying sustainable marketing in public higher education institutions, despite its recognized importance. This study aims to help close this gap. Methodology: Using a quantitative research methodology, including questionnaires, this study examines student perceptions and attitudes towards the application of sustainable marketing in higher education, focusing on the quality of services. A structural model was tested, the reliability and validity of which had been confirmed previously. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to examine the relationships between the constructs.Results: All direct relationships in the structural model were found to be statistically significant and positive, confirming the hypothesis that sustainable marketing of a higher education institution has a positive impact on the performance of the higher education institution when considering the quality of services.Conclusion: By highlighting the importance of sustainable marketing in public higher education institutions, this research contributes to the growing sustainability discourse in the academic community and provides actionable insights for educational institutions seeking to improve their marketing strategies in line with environmental and social responsibility goals.

Studies concerning spirituality and higher education, particularly for the college student, are beginning to appear in journals, conference papers, and presentations. However, there is little research conducted with professionals in higher education on the construct of spirituality. Spirituality has so many different definitions in the literature, it is difficult to define, and perhaps even more complex to study academically. Using a research-based conceptual model for religious faith, developed within the study of family sciences, this study examines the lived experience of how and why Catholic women administrators connect their faith and leadership in a setting of public institutions of higher education. Using a grounded theory qualitative approach to research the how, why and processes of the faith and leadership connection for women administrators, interviews were conducted with ten Catholic women administrators. Findings include four emergent themes which begin to explain and deepen the understanding of how religious faith and leadership are connected at work. These themes, with sub-themes, include: Faith at the Core of Identity, Using Faith and Leadership Connection for Performance Management (Management of Self and Management of Supervisees), Specific Actions of Faith and Leadership (Use of Faith in Decision-Making: Prayer; Faith as Action: Service Orientation, Valuing Others, Relationship Building, Doing the Right Thing), and Challenges in Practicing Faith (Public Institution Factors; Implicit/Explicit Actions/Thoughts). These findings begin the research agenda to study faith and leadership, particularly in settings of public institutions of higher education. One research recommendation from the study was continued qualitative study approaches interviewing a wider sample of women leaders, including those of other faith denominations and geographically diverse regions of the United States. Practical implications for Human Resource offices, as well as Catholic parishes and diocese are included. As the women themselves articulate the connection of faith and leadership as inseparable, with faith as the foundation of their leadership, more is understood about the way women of faith lead in public institutions of higher education. Universities and the Catholic parishes and diocese are positioned to provide time, space, and training initiatives for leadership development.

The aim of this article is to examine the income and employment multiplier effects of the higher education sector in Malaysia based on conventional input–output methodology. We examined simple, total, Type I and Type II income and employment multiplier effects of private and public higher education institutions (HEIs) in Malaysia. We found that private HEIs have larger direct and indirect income impacts than public HEIs. With the presence of household spending, both public and private HEIs have greater induced income impacts than direct and indirect income generation effects. We also found that Type I multipliers for private and public HEIs lead to additional income of 1.34 and 1.32 for every initial Ringgit of labour income, respectively, while Type II income multipliers for private and public HEIs account for additional income of 3.09 and 3.05, respectively. Higher education creates 1.21 workers per RM 10,000 investment. The overall results show that private higher education has a relatively greater income effect on the economy.compared to public higher education. The higher education sector is also found to be ineffective in creating new employment in the economy. JEL Classification: I23, I25