Nutritional content of Liometopum apiculatum Mayr larvae (“escamoles”) by vegetation type in north-central Mexico

This study aimed to evaluate the processing of ammoniated, biofermented and amorphous corn husks on physical quality, dry matter, ash content, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen free extract (NFE). This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments given were P1: untreated corn husks (control), P2: ammoniated corn husks (2% urea), P3: fermented corn husks (5% Aspergillus niger), and P4: amofered corn husks (2% urea + 5% Aspergillus niger). The variables observed included physical quality and nutrient content (dry matter, ash, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen free extract). The data obtained analyzed using Analysis of Variety and followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results of the study had a significant effect on the physical quality, dry matter, ash, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract (P<0,05), but had no effect (P>0,05) on the ash content. Amopheric processing has the best effect on physical quality, crude protein and crude fiber content of corn husks. Fermentation processing gives the best effect on ether extract and nitrogen free extract.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of adding nutrient solutions and different harvest ages to the productivity and quality of sorghum forage hydroponically. The study was conducted experimentally using a 3x3 factorial randomized block design with 5 groups. Factor A dose of commercial nutrient solution (0, 3, and 5 ml/l). Factor B is the age of harvest (7, 10, and 13 days). The observed variables were plant productivity, nutrient, fiber fraction, and Hydrogen cianide (HCN) content. The results showed that there was a very significant interaction (P<0.01) between the nutrient solution factor and the age of harvest on the content of dry matter (DM), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), ash, and nitrogen free extract (NFE), while the single factor of harvest age had a very significant effect (P<0.01) reducing the content of DM, CP, EE, and NFE. There was no interaction between the addition of nutrient solution and age of harvest to the content of fiber fractions. A single factor in nutrient solution significantly increased (P<0.01) content of acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose, and lignin, but not hemicellulose. The conclusion is the addition of a nutrient solution to increase growth and fresh production, the content of CF, ash, ADF, NDF, cellulose, lignin and HCN, but a decrease in the content of DM, CP, EE, and NFE. The longer the harvest age will increase growth and fresh production, the content of CF, ash, ADF, cellulose, lignin and HCN, but reduce DM, CP, EE, and NFE.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chemical quality of silage mixture of sorghum bicolor (Andropogon bicolor L. roxb) and gamal leaves with different ratios. A completely randomised design (4×4) was applied with four different ratios tried, namely, P0: sorghum bicolor silage without gamal leaves; P1: mixed silage 80% sorghum bicolor + 20% gamal leaves, P2: mixed silage 70% sorghum bicolor + 30% gamal leaves and P3: mixed silage 60% sorghum bicolor + 40% gamal leaves. The variables studied included crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and gross energy (GE) content. The study showed the silage characteristics of P0, P1, P2 and P3 for CP (%) 11.38; 13.71; 14.83 and 15.10; CF (%) 22.53; 21.47; 20.54 and 20.43; NFE (%) 43.56; 42.37; 42.26 and 42.22; GE (kcal/kg DM) 3491.18; 3540.60; 3580.37 and 3588.86, respectively. The results of variance analysis showed that the treatment had a very significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on CP and CF content but not significant (P&gt;0.05) on NFE and GE. It was concluded that silage mixture of sorghum bicolor and gamal leaves up to 60:40 increased CP content and decreased CF and gave the same NFE and GE content compared to sorghum bicolor silage without gamal leaves.

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) is a perennial plant with vigorously vegetative growth and high nutritive value that is an excellent source of green feed in China. Crude protein and fiber content are the most important traits associated with ramie forage quality; however, their genetic basis remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the genetic architecture of these two traits using an F2 population derived from cultivated Zhongsizhu 1 (ZSZ1) and wild Boehmeria nivea var. tenacissima (tenacissima). Linkage mapping identified eight quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in crude fiber and one QTL in crude protein. Of these, five were further validated by association analysis. Then, two major QTLs for crude fiber content, CF7 and CF13, were further identified using bulked segregant analysis (BSA) sequencing, and their exact physical intervals were determined via genotype analysis of F2 progenies with extremely low crude fiber content. In total, 10 genes in the CF7 and CF13 regions showed differential expression in ZSZ1 and tenacissima leaves, including an MYB gene whole_GLEAN_10016511 from the CF13 region. Wide variation was observed in the promoter regions of whole_GLEAN_10016511, likely responsible for its downregulated expression in tenacissima. Interestingly, more fiber cells were observed in Arabidopsis with overexpression of whole_GLEAN_10016511, indicating that the downregulated expression of this gene could have an association with the relatively low fiber content in wild tenacissima. These results provided evidence that whole_GLEAN_10016511 is a logical candidate for CF13. This study provides important insights into the genetic basis underlying ramie crude protein and fiber content, and it presents genetic loci for improving the forage quality of ramie using marker-assisted selection.

Cassava peel was the waste of processing cassava which is promising enough to be used as alternative animal feed. However, cassava peel has a fairly low nutrient content. Fermentation was one of the way to increase the quality of cassava peel. Fermentation used in this research utilized Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO) with the main substance was the cassava peel itself. This research lasted for 3 months started from December 2018 to February 2019 at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Laboratory of Feed Processing Science and Technology Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture University of Sumatera Utara and Laboratory of Agrichemists and Natural Resources at the Industrial Research and Standardization Office of Medan. This research was designed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial pattern of 3 x 3 with 3 replications, as factor I was the dose of Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO) and factor II was the duration of fermentation. The parameters measured were water content/dry matter, crude fat, crude protein, crude fibre, ash, and Non Nitrogen Free Extract (NNFE) using proximate analysis. The results showed that fermentation of cassava peel using Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO) with the variation of Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO) dose and duration of fermentation give effects, that were increased water content, crude protein, and Non Nitrogen Free Extract (NNFE) and decreased dry ingredient, crude fat, crude fibre, and ash content.

This research aimed to determine the effect of cutting age and ratooning on growth, production, and nutrient content of the Brown Midrib Resistance (BMR) sorghum. This research used a split-plot design with the main plot was ratoon (ratoon 1 and 2), and the subplot was the cutting age (6 and 8 weeks). Each treatment was replicated three times. Sorghum was planted with planting space 75 × 25 cm. The variables observed were growth (plant height, plant length, and leaf width), production (dry matter and organic matter), nutrient content (dry matter content, organic matter, crude protein, extract ether, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and calculation of the total digestible nutrient). The result showed that the ratooning treatment significantly affected (P<0.05) the plant height, plant length, leaf width, dry matter production, organic matter production, and crude fiber content. Dry matter production from ratoon 1 was higher than ratoon 2. The cutting age significantly affected (P<0.05) on plant height, plant length, leaf width, extract ether, crude fiber, crude protein, and total digestible nutrient. Crude protein content at the 6-week cutting age was higher (P <0.05) than the 8-week cutting age. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the growth and production of sorghum will decrease during the second ratoon. The older the plants, the growth, and crude fiber content increased, but the crude protein and total digestible nutrient decreased.

Feed is the biggest cost in the pig livestock business, therefore it is necessary to do processing using fermentation technology by utilizing tamarind seeds in the liquid feed. This study aimed to determine the nutrient, tannins, and populations of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and fiber fraction. This study was undertaken in May-July 2021. The study consisted of 4 treatments, namely; R0: Fermented liquid feed (FLF) of 0% tamarind seeds, R10: FLF of 10% tamarind seeds, R20: FLF of 20% tamarind seeds, and R30: FLF of 30% tamarind seeds. This study was conducted on the experimental design using a Completely Randomized Designed (CRD). The study variables were nutrient content, tannin, LAB population, and fiber fraction. The results were analyzed quantitatively using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the differences between treatments were further tested by DMRT. The results showed that the percentage of using tamarind seeds in a ratio up to 30% had a very significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on the nutrient content (dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), crude fat, and ash), anti-nutrient (tannin), fiber fraction (NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), but did not affect (P&gt;0.05) the population of lactic acid bacteria. In conclusion, the use of tamarind seeds up to 30% in liquid feed increases nutrient content (dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), and ash), anti-nutrient (tannin), and fiber fraction content (NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), but was able to reduce the crude fat content and had no impact on the population of lactic acid bacteria.

The use of palm kernel meal and coconut meal is restriction in broiler feed due to the high crude fiber content, caused by the mixture of shells. This study aims to analyze the nutrient content, i.e., crude protein and crude fiber of palm kernel meal and coconut meal before and after using wet separation and molecular weight approach. The wet separation process for palm kernel meal and coconut meal was carried out for 6 hours to obtain a precipitate. The palm kernel meal and coconut meal that have been separated is divided into 3 fractions, i.e., upper, middle and lower. Each fraction was analyzed for crude fiber and crude protein content for chemical characteristics, and bulk density (g l-1), compacted bulk density (g l-1), specific gravity (kg l-1), angle of purpose (o). Crude protein and crude fiber content of palm kernel meal before being separated by wet separation were 11.72% and 13.11%, for coconut meal were 12.65% and 8.67%. The fraction of palm kernel meal has the highest crude protein content of 22.21% with the lowest crude fiber content 9.68%. Coconut meal in the middle fraction had the highest crude protein content 18.92% and the lowest crude fiber content of 11.95% in the upper fraction. The physical characteristics of the upper fraction of palm kernel meal and coconut meal had the lowest values (P0.05) of specific gravity (kg l-1), bulk density (g l-1) and compacted bulk density (g l-1). It can be concluded that the wet separation process with the molecular weight approach is able to increase the nutrient content especially of each fraction and can minimize the mixture of shells in palm kernel meal and coconut meal

This research was conducted to determine the potential of banana waste (Musa acuminata Cavendish Subgroup), nutritional content, and phytochemical compounds. This study used descriptive analysis using interviews and field observations, as well as proximate analysis of the nutrient content i.e. whole banana, banana peel, and banana stem waste, and also phytochemical screening of banana peels and banana stems. Based on dry matter, whole banana waste contains 10.23% Ash, 1.80% Fat, 3.82% Crude Protein (CP), 8.81 Crude Fiber (CF), and 75.34% Nitrogen-Free Extract (NFE). Banana peel waste contains 6.33% Ash, 4.12% Fat, 4.67% CP, 18.46 CF, and 66.42% (NFE). Banana stem waste contains 25.84% Ash, 1.74% Fat, 11.64% CP, 41.88 CF, and 18.90% (NFE). Banana banana stems and peels contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids but they does not contain alkaloids. Whole banana waste, or banana peel and banana stem waste, from the Cavendish banana species (Musa acuminata Cavendish Subgroup) has the potential to be used as animal feed ingredients, especially for ruminants. However, further research is needed for livestock or the processing of banana waste to be optimally utilized.

Summary The objectives of the study were to determine nutrient composition and mycotoxin contamination of the pasture samples at harvesting time and their hay forms which were dried in ground and stored as stacks form during the storage period, and to reveal the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) residues in the milk samples of the cows fed by these hay samples. Ten pasture grass and their hay samples stored as stack form were obtained from 10 different pasture areas and family farms in Kars district, respectively. Upon taking the hay samples from both the inner and outer parts of the stacks, they were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and total aflatoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and zearalanone residues in harvesting time, and then 6 times with 45 days of interval during the storage period. The concentrations of DM, CA, OM, CP, CF, NDF, ADF, EE and NFE of pasture at harvesting time were found to be 307.9, 93.3, 906.7, 118.0, 313.2, 509.7, 351.3, 29.1 and 446.4 g/kg DM basis, respectively. Total aflatoxin, AFB1 and zearalenone residues were determined in all the fresh grass samples examined at average 24.10, 15.21 and 14.97 ppb, but they were within the acceptable limits. During the storage period of the hay; DM content fluctuated, CA, OM and NDF contents unchanged, CF content increased, CP decreased in the inner part, and ADF contents increased in the inner part at the beginning of the storage, as compared with at the end of the storage period. During the storage period, mycotoxin residues were also within the acceptable limit except for the total aflatoxin and AFB1 levels in the 4 th period samples. Except for the one milk sample, AFM1 residues were within the acceptable limit. It is concluded that, depending on the longer storage period, generally nutrient composition of the hay unchanged substantially, mycotoxin residues also unchanged and generally not exceed the acceptable limits.

The effect of alfalfa seed flour supplementation on the quality characteristics of refined wheat flour-based biscuits was studied. The proximate composition of refined wheat flour and alfalfa seed flour was determined. Refined wheat flour contained 12.43% moisture, 11.52% crude protein, 1.61% crude fat, 0.71% crude fiber, 1.43% ash and 70.83% nitrogen free extract, while alfalfa seed flour contained 5.79%, 29.49%, 12.71%, 5.53%, 4.80% and 41.73% moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash and nitrogen free extract correspondingly. Alfalfa seed flour at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% supplementation levels was incorporated in refined wheat flour to produce composite flour. The biscuits prepared were subjected to quality evaluation. Physical analysis of biscuits disclosed that supplementation of alfalfa seed flour decreased the width from 47.25 to 42 mm and the spread factor from 62.7 to 53.12, while it increased the thickness from 7.53 to 8.10 mm. Supplementation of refined wheat flour–based biscuits with alfalfa seed flour at different inclusion levels significantly (p < 0.05) increased the crude protein content from 10.19% to 15.30%, the crude fiber content from 0.73% to 1.62%, the crude fat content from 17.46% to 21.59% and the ash content from 1.37% to 1.92%, whereas it decreased the moisture content from 3.57% to 3.26% and the nitrogen free extract from 66.90% to 59.32%. The effect of supplementation on the mineral contents of biscuits was also significant (p < 0.05). Potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc contents increased from 105.30, 14.65, 43.91, 3.74 and 0.94 to 145.00, 26.64, 79.60, 7.93 and 1.60 mg/100 g, respectively. Sensory evaluation revealed that the quality score of biscuits in terms of color, taste, texture and overall acceptability decreased with increased supplementation. The present research work confirmed that a maximum of 10% alfalfa seed flour supplementation in refined wheat flour could produce acceptable biscuits with an appropriate nutritional profile.

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) offers a sustainable method for enhancing the nutritional quality of agricultural residues such as red rice bran. This study aimed to determine the optimal temperature and duration for SSF of red rice bran, focusing specifically on increasing the crude protein (CP) content and reducing the crude fiber (CF) content. SFF of rice bran with Aspergillus niger (A. niger) USM F4 was conducted over 14 consecutive days at three different temperatures (25°C, 35°C, and 45°C). A total of 63 samples of rice bran were divided into three temperature groups, each containing 21 samples. Three samples per group were collected at 48-hour intervals over the 14-day fermentation period. The fermentation process for the collected samples at 48-hour intervals was halted by oven drying at 60°C for 24 hours. The fermented products were subjected to proximate analysis for crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), and crude fiber (CF) contents using the methods outlined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The results revealed a significant effect of temperature and fermentation duration on CP, ash, EE, and CF content when compared to the unfermented rice bran kept at room temperature (25oC). The peak values of CP and the highest degradation of CF across all temperature levels were observed on day 10 while the maximum increase in ash and EE content occurred on day 8. Among the temperature conditions, the highest CP values and the lowest CF values were recorded at 35°C. Conversely, the lowest improvements in CP and CF degradation were observed at 25°C on day 10. In conclusion, the optimal conditions for SSF of rice bran with A. niger to enhance CP content and degrade CF are a temperature of 35°C and a fermentation duration of 10 days.

Forage demand can be supplied from rice straw which processed with certain feed technology innovation. Some advantages can be derived under this technology i.e. increasing nutrient content, optimizing the utilization, improving the efficiency and reducing production cost by minimizing feed cost. Ammoniation fermentation (amofer) as an applied technology could give solution over the limitation of rice straw availability. The objective of this research was to determine the potency of rice straw processed with amofer (amofer-rice straw) as raw material to formulate complete feed. The experiment was carried out with randomized block design with three treatments and six replications. Amofer treatment was carried out by adding urea 3% from the total material and then placed into plastic jar + 12 liter and then incubated under an-aerobic process for 18 days. Fermentation material i.e. biology starter by 1% of total material was added at the ninth day. Dry Matter (DM) content resulted from each treatments was 87,28%, 85,96% and 84,61% for T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , respectively. Crude Protein (CP) content was T 1 =24,48%, T 2 =21,04%; and T 3 =24,46%, Crude Fiber (CF) content was T 1 =31,30%; T 2 =31,30%; and T 3 =31,39%. Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) for version 1 was T 1 =57,29; T 2 =56,19; and T 3 =56,89 and version 2 was T 1 =53,11%; T 2 =52,28%; and T 3 =51,10%. The average value of Non Nitrogen Free Extract (NNFE) was T 1 =23,49%; T 2 =28,08%; and T 3 =26,57%. The utilization of amofer as applicable technology is considered as the most appropriate method to increase the quality of rice straw by significantly increase nutrient content in term of crude protein (CP) and reduce crude fiber (CF) content. This increasing quality can be seen from the result of proximate analysis, NNFE and TDN content

Macronutrients, comprising carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, underpin many ecological processes, but their quantification in ecological studies is often inaccurate and laborious, requiring large investments of time and bulk samples, which make individual‐level studies impossible. This study presents Macronutrient Extraction and Determination from Invertebrates (MEDI), a protocol for the direct, rapid and relatively low‐cost determination of macronutrient content from single small macroinvertebrates.Macronutrients were extracted by a sequential process of soaking in 1:12 chloroform:methanol solution to remove lipid and then solubilising tissue in 0.1 M NaOH. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids were determined by colorimetric assays from the same individual specimens.The limits of detection of MEDI with the equipment and conditions used were 0.067, 0.065 and 0.006 mg/ml for proteins, carbohydrates and lipids respectively. Adjusting the volume of reagents used for extraction and determination can broaden the range of concentrations that can be detected. MEDI successfully identified taxonomic differences in macronutrient content between five insect species.Macronutrient Extraction and Determination from Invertebrates can directly and rapidly determine macronutrient content in tiny (dry mass ~3 mg) and much larger individual invertebrates. Using MEDI, the total macronutrient content of over 50 macroinvertebrates can be determined within around 3 days of collection at a cost of ~$1.35 per sample.

Purpose. Evaluation of the effectiveness of using new lecithin-containing feed additive when growing piglets. Materials and Methods. The object of the research was piglets of the large white breed and the new feed additive Lecitomiks. Zootechnical, clinical, physicochemical and biochemical research methods that do not require validation were used in the research work. Results. Weaned piglets of experimental group 1 (feed additive dose – 250 g / t of feed) exceeded the live weight of control analogues by 1.18 kg or 6.40%, the average daily gain by 0.04 kg or 10.81%, the absolute gain by 1.14 kg or 10.20% (P≥0.95). The piglets of experimental group 2 (feed additive dose – 500 g / t of feed) exceeded the live weight of control animals by 1.96 kg or 10.61% (P≥0.99), the average daily gain by 0.07 kg or 18.92% (P≥0.95), the absolute gain by 1.97 kg or 17.62% (P≥0.95). Hemoglobin was higher by 2.50 g / l or 2.51% (P≥0.95) in the blood of piglets of experimental group 1, erythrocytes by 0.14 × 1012 / l or 2.23% (P≥0.95) than in animals of the control group. In experimental group 2, the hemoglobin level was higher by 3.60 g / l (3.61%) (P≥0.95), the number of red blood cells was higher by 0.17×1012 / l or 2.70% (P≥0.95). When conducting a biochemical study, a significant increase in the total protein content of the blood serum of experimental piglets of group 1 was found in relation to the control ones by 3.51 g / l or 5.03% (P≥0.95), group 2 – by 4.33 g / l or 6.20% (P≤0.95). In experimental group 1, the digestibility of dry matter compared to the control group was higher by 4.20% (P≥0.95), organic matter – by 2.40% (P≥0.95), crude protein – by 2.30%, crude fat – by 6.10% (P≥0.99), crude fiber – by 4.20% and nitrogen-free extractives – by 2.40% (P≥0.95); in experimental group 2 – by 4.80 (P≥0.95); 3.00 (P≥0.99); 2.80 (P≥0.95); 7.20 (P≥0.999); 3.30 and 3.10% (P≥0.95) respectively. The suckling piglets of experimental group 1 (feed additive dose – 250 g / t of feed) exceeded the animals in the control group by 0.57 kg or 7.93% in live weight, in experimental group 2 (feed additive dose – 500 g / t of feed) – by 0.73 kg or 10.15% (P≥0.95). The values of the average daily and absolute increase in live weight of piglets in experimental group 1 were significantly higher than the corresponding results of control animals by 0.02 kg or 11.16% (P≥0.999) (average daily gain) and 0.53 kg or 11.18% (absolute increase) in experimental group 2, the average daily increase was also higher by 0.04 kg or 14.97% (P≥0.999), the absolute one – by 0.68 kg or 14.35%. When studying blood, piglets of experimental group 1 differed from control analogues by an increase in the amount of hemoglobin by 1.10 g / l or 1.13% (P≥0.95), erythrocytes – by 0.25 × 1012 / l or 4.22% (P≥0.95); in experimental group 2, the hemoglobin level was higher by 3.02 g / l or 3.08% (P≥0.95), the number of red blood cells was higher by 0.56 × 1012 / l or 9.46% (P≥0.95). The content of total protein in the blood serum of experimental piglets relative to the control analogues in the first experimental group was higher by 1.22 g / l or 1,46% (P≥0.95), in the second experimental group – by 1.63 g / l or 2.62% (P≥0.95). Safety of animals among experimental piglets is 1.60% (P≥0.95) higher than in the control. In experimental group 1, the digestibility of dry matter compared to the control group was higher by 3.20 (P≥0.95)%, organic matter – by 5.30% (P≥0.999), crude protein – by 4.10% (P≥0.999), crude fat – by 5.80% (P≥0.999), crude fiber – by 5.00% and nitrogen-free extractives – by 2.10%; in experimental group 2 – by 4.90 (P≥0.999); 8.40 (P≥0.999); 4.50 (P≥0.999); 8.90 (P≥0.999); 7.10 and 3.50% (P≥0.95) respectively. No side effects have been identified when using the feed additive Lecitomiks for piglets. Conclusion. Lecitomiks feed additive in the recommended dosage regimens has a beneficial effect on increasing the productive effect of feed and body weight gain in weaned and suckling piglets.