Nutritional composition of corn silage produced in different regions of the State of Paraná between 2020 and 2022

This study was carried out at Ataturk University farm in Erzurum, Turkey over 4 years (2004-2007) to evaluate the effects of phosphorus fertilization and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum) applications on the chemical composition of forage from a natural meadow area. Study plots were treated with two bacteria levels (B0 and B1) and five levels of phosphorus fertilizer (0, 11, 22, 33 and 44 kg ha -1 ) with four replications. The results of the study indicate that increasing levels of P significantly increased to crude protein content. While phosphorus fertilizer decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, there were no notable effects on acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) content. The effects of bacteria application included an increase in crude protein content and total digestible nutrient content in forage was increased, and reduced ADF and NDF. Forage P and Ca contents were increased, but K and Mg contents decreased following phosphorus fertilization. While bacteria application increased K and Mg contents of forage, Ca content decreased. There was no notable change in P content of forage following the application of bacteria. The results indicate that P fertilizer and bacteria applications have positive effects on forage quality of meadows. Application of bacteria (alone or combined with P) or 11-22 kg ha 1 application of P may increase the forage quality of meadows.

A linear regression model for predicting total digestible nutrient (TDN) concentration in forage rice (Oryza sativa L.) silage was previously developed with traditional cultivars (>30% dry matter, DM as panicle), and we here extend the linear regression model to two short-panicle cultivars, ‘Tachisuzuka’ and ‘Tachiayaka’ (<20% DM as panicle). Silage fermentation quality was superior for the short-panicle cultivars compared to the traditional ones, partly due to higher mono- and oligosaccharide concentrations in leaves and stems. Silage TDN concentration was previously estimated for traditional cultivars by in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and crude ash (CA) concentration (estimated TDN = 0.329 × IVDMD − 0.688 × CA + 44.5, r2 = 0.815, p < 0.001). In vivo TDN concentration in silages of short-panicle cultivars, ranging from 49.5 to 58.3%, was nearly identical to the TDN concentration estimated by the equation with an error rate <5%, demonstrating that the new equation model can be satisfactorily applied to silages of short-panicle rice cultivars.

The effects of planting time (early or normal), nitrogen (N) application rate (150 or 225 kg N ha-1), and N application method (early, even, and late application of extra N) on total digestible nutrient (TDN) concentration and yield of forage rice (Oryza sativa L.) in southwestern Japan were examined. For optimal forage rice production, it is important to maximize nutritional level in leaves and stems rather than panicles because the hull restricts cattle’s ability to digest rice grain. In particular, it is important to maximize the TDN in leaf sheath plus stems (stems) which are the major part of the crop rather than leaf blades (leaves). Stem TDN yield was higher with early planting (340 g m-2) than with normal planting (217 g m-2) irrespective of N application rate or method. The high stem TDN yield with early planting resulted from both the high DM yield and the high TDN and organic cellular content (OCC) concentration. Stem TDN yield was not affected by the N application rate. With both early and normal plantings, stem TDN yield was higher with early N application (374 and 226 g m-2, respectively) than with late N application (305 and 208 g m-2, respectively). With early planting, the high stem TDN yield with method 1 resulted from both the high DM yield and the high TDN and OCC concentration. Thus, to obtain high stem TDN concentration and yield of forage rice, early planting and early N application are recommended.

본 연구는 수확기에 따른 호밀 품종간의 사초생산능력을 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험구는 분할구 배치법으로 주구는 4월 20일과 4월 30일의 수확시기를, 세구는 'Kodiak', 'Koolgrazer', 'Danko', 'Homil22', 'Olhomil' 품종으로 하였다. 조기수확시의 건물 함량은 각각 17.8%로 만기수확시의 20.0% 보다 낮았으나, 조단백질 및 TDN 함량에 있어서는 만기수확시 보다 높았다. 공시품종 간에는 건물, 조단백질 및 TDN 함량에 있어서 유의적인 차이가 있었다. ADF, NDF, ADL 및 cellulose 함량은 조기수확이 만기수확시 보다 낮았으나, hemi-cellulose 함량은 조기수확이 만기수확시 보다 높았다. 공시품종 간에는 조생품종의 섬유소함량이 다른 품종에 비하여 높았다. 조기수확시의 건물, 조단백질, IVDDM 및 TDN 수량은 각각 7,839, 1,468, 6,077 및 5,128kg/ha로 만기 수확시의 11,003, 1,813, 8.032 및 6,857kg/ha 보다 낮았으며 공시품종 간에는 조생품종이 다른 품종에 비하여 높았다. 시험에서 얻어진 결론은 사초용 호밀의 수확시기를 고려할 때 수량과 사료가치를 높일 수 있는 방법은 조생호밀품종에 만기수확을 조합하는 사초생산기술에 의해서 가능하다는 것이다. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of harvesting date on the forage yield and quality of different rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of two harvesting dates 20th and 30th April. The subplots consisted of five rye cultivars from different maturity groups such as 'Kodiak (Late)'. 'Koolgrazer (Early)', 'Danko (Late)', 'Homil22 (Medium)' and 'Olhomil (Early)' Dry matter (DM) contents of 17.8% at early harvesting were lower 2.2% than at late harvesting. But crude protein (CP) of 18.9% and total digestible nutrients (TDN) contents of 65.5% at early harvesting were higher 2.3% and 3.0% than those at late harvesting, respectively. There were significant differences in DM, CP and TDN contents among the rye cultivars tested (p<0.05). The contents of fiber components at early harvesting were lower than those at late harvesting. The acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents at early harvesting were lower than those at late harvesting, and hemicellulose contents at early harvesting was higher than that at late harvesting. The fiber component of early maturing cultivars such as 'Koolgrazer' and 'Olhomil' were higher than those of the others. Dry matter, CP, in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) and TDN yields at early harvesting were lower than those at late harvesting, and the yield of early maturing cultivars were higher than those of the others. In this study, the results of this study indicate that forage production technology in combination with early maturing rye cultivar and late harvesting could enhance both production and quality of rye.

Proper harvest timing of sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet &amp; Harlan] for hay or silage is a compromise between optimized nutrient quality and yield. Brown‐midrib (BMR) sudangrass varieties have reduced lignification and cell wall concentration resulting in increased digestibility. Non‐BMR and BMR sudangrasses were no‐till seeded and harvested at either the boot or dough grain stages of maturity. When harvested at the boot stage of maturity, there was no difference (P = 0.93) in dry matter (DM) yield between the BMR and non‐BMR varieties; while harvesting at the dough grain stage of maturity the BMR variety produced more DM than the non‐BMR variety (P &lt; 0.01). Dry matter and detergent fiber content increased (P &lt; 0.01) and crude protein and calculated total digestible nutrients (TDN) content decreased (P &lt; 0.01) with increasing maturity in both varieties. Regardless of maturity, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were less (P &lt; 0.01), and TDN content was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for the BMR sudangrass compared with the non‐BMR variety. Presence of the BMR gene had no effect (P = 0.99) on in situ effective degradability when sudangrass was harvested in the boot stage, but effective degradability was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in BMR sudangrass when harvested in the dough stage of maturity. Inclusion of BMR genetics did not affect performance or digestion kinetics when silage harvested in the boot stage of maturity was fed to growing steers. Brown midrib genetics provide significant advantages when forages are harvested at advanced stages of maturity, but advantages are not as pronounced when forage is less mature.

In order to evaluate the nutritive value of the forage plants in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 266 samples (61 grasses and 65 legumes grown in the dry season, 60 grasses and 80 legumes grown in the rainy season) were collected from the highland and lowland in 1998 to 2000, and were subjected to the determination of chemical composition and digestibility. The least-squares analysis of variance demonstrated that the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of grasses was not significantly affected by season or altitude. On the other hand, the some proximate components and cell wall components were significantly affected by season and altitude including the season×altitude interaction. For the legumes, the in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) and cellulose content were significantly affected by season. On the other hand, the ether extract (EE) content was significantly affected by season and altitude. The interaction of the season×altitude for IVDMD, of the year×season for some proximate components and of the year×season and the season×altitude for some cell wall components were significant. These results indicate that the forages grown at highland in dry season have a relatively high quality. The means of the total digestible nutrient (TDN) content estimated from IVDMD in grasses and in legumes were 50.3% and 57.4%, respectively, and the crude protein contents were 7.7% and 17.6%, respectively. The correlation coefficients between IVDMD and the contents of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were relatively high in all of forage plants, suggesting that these components would provide an accurate prediction of digestibility or TDN content. A close relationship between IVNDFD and lignin content indicates that the lignin would be the most accurate predictor of cell wall digestibility. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2003. Vol 16, No. 5 : 693-701)

Study investigating methane respiration emission, feces production and feces quality of sheep that fed with combination different level of energy and protein content was done. Combination of two level total digestible nutrient (TDN) (±60 and 70%) and three level protein (±14, 16 and 18%) were investigated. The result showed that feed with higher TDN content gave effect on methane production in term of L/h/d but no significant effect in term of L/dry matter intake. Feces nutrients from treatment with higher TDN content were higher than that from lower TDN content. In term of sustainable agriculture feed with lower TDN and protein content that investigated in this study is more recommended than that with higher TDN and protein content.

This study aims to estimate and validate the accuracy of estimated Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) content in forages based on the chemical composition of feed. Data on nutrient composition for estimates were obtained from the BR-CORTE database consisting of 86 types of forages and primary data from observations consisting of 19 types of forages. Analysis data is used Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, determination coefficient (R2), and root mean square error (RMSE) for estimation models, variance test (ANOVA), and T-test for validation. The results showed that forage TDN had a negative correlation with Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF) (P &lt;0.01) and lignin (P &lt;0.05), but was positively correlated with Non-Fibre Carbohydrate (NFC) (P &lt;0.01), Ether Extract (EE) and Crude Protein (CP) (P&lt;0.01). Thus, the TDN value can be estimated from the chemical composition in the feed. The regression equation that will be used to estimate forage TDN content is TDN = 0.482 NDF + 1.538 EE + 0.699 NFC + 0.718 CP (R2=0.994). Then, this equation is validated and compared to the Hartadi’s and Wardeh’s equations. The results of the T-test showed that the TDN value estimated is non significantly different with TDN Hartadi for cattle (P&gt;0.05). It concluded TDN value of local forage can be estimated based on this estimation models.

The objective of this study was to estimate and evaluate the contents of apparently digestible fractions of crude protein, ether extract and non-fibrous carbohydrates, the digestible fraction of the neutral detergent fiber and the content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) from the chemical composition of feeds in growing cattle fed different diets. Fourteen F1 Red Angus × Nellore young bulls with average age and weight of 12 months and 287±36 kg were used. Animals were fed elephant grass silage, corn silage or signal grass hay, with or without supplementation of 200 g concentrate per kg of the total diet. The experiment consisted of two 13-days periods, in which the concentrate supplementation was crossed over animals. The values of digestible fractions and the TDN content observed were obtained based on total collection of feces. Several sub-models applied to the different digestible fractions were assessed and discussed. Estimates of the TDN content in the diet were produced from the combination of sub-models applied to the individual digestible fractions. The TDN content was more efficiently predicted from the sub-models proposed by Detmann et al. (2010) when biological procedures for the estimation of the undegradable fraction of the protein and the potentially degradable fraction of the neutral detergent fiber were considered.

Spatial information on the quantity and quality of forage is important for practicing precision agriculture in grasslands. The objective of this research was to generate a field map of the concentrations of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and crude protein (CP) of forage in an orchardgrass‐dominated meadow field (0.6 ha) using a hyperspectral imaging sensor. The sensor was mounted on the roof of a vehicle in order to scan the whole meadow field. Calibration models to estimate the concentrations of the chemical components were developed using a dataset consisting of observed concentrations and spectral data acquired from the hyperspectral images. The models were developed by multiple linear regression analysis with stepwise variable selection, and were evaluated by cross‐validation and evaluation index (EI) methods. The cross‐validation for the calibration model using 10 explanatory variables resulted in R2 values of 0.74 and 0.76 for TDN and CP, respectively. Standard error of prediction (SEP) was, respectively, 4.51 and 1.04. Bias was close to 0 for both TDN and CP. The EI values ranged 28.1–29.4, showing rank C. These results show that the calibration models are practical for estimating the concentrations of TDN and CP. Finally, field maps of the concentrations of TDN and CP were generated by applying the calibration models to field‐scale image data. The maps were able to identify the variations in the concentrations of TDN and CP throughout the field. In conclusion, this system is a useful technique for obtaining maps of forage chemical composition for site‐specific field management.

본 연구는 답리작에서 사일리지용 보리 우량 품종 선발을 하고자 호남지역 익산(호남농업연구소)에서 <TEX>$1999{\sim}2001$</TEX>년까지 3년간 생육단계별로 생육특성과 수량 등을 조사하였다. 50% 출수기는 품종간에 비슷하였으나 긴쌀보리만 5월 3일로 가장 늦었다. 건물률은 쌀보리와 겉보리가 각각 37.9%와 37.1%였다. 건물수량에 있어 쌀보리인 새쌀보리와 내한쌀보리에서 11,260와 11,160 kg/ha으로 많았고 긴쌀보리에서 7,530 kg/ha으로 적었다. 그리고 겉보리에서는 밀양 92호, 큰알보리 그리고 탑골보리에서 각각 12,730 kg/ha, 12,320 kg/ha 그리고 12,300 kg/ha으로 많았고 올보리에서 6,660 kg/ha으로 적었다. 쌀보리의 ADF, NDF 그리고 TDN 함량은 30.3%, 60.8% 그리고 65.1%였고 겉보리 품종의 ADF, NDF 그리고 TDN 함량은 각각 33.6%, 61.1% 그리고 62.4%였다. 본 시험에 공시된 사일리지용 보리의 품종중 종실수량이 가장 많은 품종은 탑골보리로 6,370 kg/ha였다. 본 시험의 결과에 의하면 가을 파종에 의한 사일리지용 총체보리의 우량 품종은 밀양 92호, 큰알보리 그리고 탑골보리가 적절한 것으로 판단된다. This experiment was conducted to compare the agronomic characteristics and productivity of barley at paddy field of Iksan (National Honam Agricultural Experiment) from 1998 to 2001. The most fast 50% heading stage date variety was Keunalbori, Tapkolbori and Sodunchalbori, but Kinssalbori was very late as 3th May. The average dry matter (DM) content of naked and hulled barley were 37.9% and 37.1%, respectively. Saessalbori and Naehanssalbori of naked barley showed the highest in DM yield by 11,260 kg/ha and 11,160 kg/ha but the DM yield of Kinssalbori was low by 7,530 kg/ha. And Milyang 92, Keunalbori and Tapkolbori of hulled barley showed the highest in DM yield by 12,730 kg/ha, 12,320 kg/ha and 12,300 kg/ha but the DM yield of Olbori was low by 6,660 kg/ha. Acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) content of naked varieties was 30.3%, 60.8% and 65.1%, and ADF, NDF and TDN content of hulled varieties was 33.6%, 61.1% and 62.4%, respectively. And Tapkolbori showed the highest grain yield by 6,370 kg/ha. According to the results obtained from this study, it is suggested that "Milyang 92, Keunalbori and Tapkolbori" would be recommendable for fall sown barley cultivar for at paddy field in Honam region.

Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) monocrops and their intercrops with two forage varieties (40-10 and Tucker) and one seed variety (Cooper) peas (Pisum sativum L.) were evaluated for forage production, nutrition quality and suitability in the beef cattle diet. Pea + cereal intercrops were compared to respective cereal monocrops in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Plant height of cereals tended to be reduced in intercrops compared to respective monocrops. Taller 40-10 forage type pea tended to cause lodging in 2009 and 2011, not observed with other pea varieties. Fresh forage of pea + cereal intercrops had higher moisture than respective cereal monocrops. Fourteen of the 18 intercrops had less dry matter yield (DMY) than respective cereal monocrops. Shorter Tucker pea had less negative impact on DMY than taller 40-10 pea. Treatments with barley had lower DMY than respective oat and triticale systems. Intercrops improved forage crude protein (CP) content over the respective monocrops, which was enough to overcome the DMY penalty and produce more CP yield than their monocrops. The forage Ca and Mg contents were improved by intercrops over their monocrops, and they were greater with 40-10 pea than other pea varieties and with barley than oat or triticale. The forage P content also tended to be higher in intercrops than corresponding monocrops, without a consistent effect of cereal type or pea variety. The forage K and S contents were not consistently influenced by the cereal types, pea varieties or intercrops. Forage Na content was greater from oat than respective barley and triticale treatments. The monocrops and intercrops had similar forage Cu content, and treatments with barley had more Cu than with oat or triticale. Forage Zn content tended to be intercrops &gt; monocrops; and barley &gt; triticale &gt; oat. Treatments had no influence on the forage Fe and Mn contents. Levels of acid (ADF) and neutral (NDF) detergent fibres in the forage were similar for the corresponding intercrops and monocrops, and greater for oat than barley or triticale treatments. Some of the intercrops improved total digestible nutrients (TDN) content in forage over their monocrops. Monocrop of oat had less TDN than barley or triticale. Drought reduced the ADF, NDF and TDN contents. The forage NEL, NEM and NEG as well as RFV and NFC showed similar trend as the TDN. Overall, the tested pea + cereal intercrops did not increase DMY over the respective monocrops, but they indicated several nutritional quality benefits. These improvements present opportunities to substitute some grain or supplements in the beef cattle diet with better quality forage by intercrops.

Effects of dietary energy content and source using by-products on carcass and meat quality traits of cull ewes

본 연구는 사료맥류의 최적 수확시기를 검토하기 위하여 맥종별(청보리, 호밀, 귀리, 트리티케일 및 총체밀) 수확시기(출수기, 출수 후 10, 20 및 30일)에 따른 건물수량과 사일리지의 품질을 검토하였다. 건물수량은 모든 맥종에서 출수 후 생육기간이 진행됨에 따라 증가되는 추세를 보였는데, 청보리와 총체밀의 경우 출수 후 20일에 가장 높게 나타났고, 귀리와 트리티케일은 출수 후 30일 가장 높게 나타났다. 화학성분은 생육기간이 길어짐에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였는데 청보리, 총체밀, 트리티케일 및 귀리는 조단백질과 NDF 및 ADF 함량이 모두 감소하였으며, 호밀의 경우 조단백질 함량은 감소하였으나 ADF와 NDF 함량은 증가하였다. TDN 함량과 RFV는 청보리의 경우 출수 후 20일에 가장 높게 나타났고, 총체밀, 트리티케일, 귀리는 출수 후 30일, 호밀은 출수기에 가장 높게 나타났으며, 생육단계별로 제조한 사일리지에서도 같은 경향이었다. 맥종별 사료가치로서 평균 TDN 함량은 보리가 66.98%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 다음으로 총체밀, 트리티케일, 귀리, 호밀 순이었다. This study was to optimize the harvest time of several winter cereal forage crops. Barley, rye, oat, triticale and wheat were evaluated for the quantity and quality of hay and silage at four different harvesting stages, including heading, 10 days after heading (DAH), 20 DAH and 30 DAH. Barley and wheat harvested at 20 DAH, and oat and triticale at 30 DAH showed maximum dry matter yield. Crude protein content of barley, wheat, triticale and oat decreased significantly with advancing crop maturity. Mean crude protein content was the highest in rye and the lowest in oat. The NDF and ADF content of barley, wheat, triticale and oat decreased with late harvest, while rye increased. Maximum total digestible nutrients (TDN) content was recorded in barley and wheat harvested at 20 DAH, in triticale and oat at 30 DAH, and in rye at heading. The maximum TDN content of silage, 66.98%, was recorded in barley, followed by wheat, triticale, oat and rye. However, The crude protein, NDF and ADF of silage was 1 to 4 times higher than those of hay. In this study, barley harvested at 20-25 DAH, wheat and triticale at 30 DAH, and rye at heading provided a good compromise between dry matter yield and forage quality. At this stage, a sufficient quantity of fodder with moderate forage quality was obtained.

Winter cereals are mainly used for human and animal nutrition and several studies are now exploring their potential as conserved forage (hay and silage). Among the winter cereal species available for cultivation in the south of Brazil, which is major winter cereals producer in the country, the wheat cv. BRS Umbu has attracted special attention. However, few studies have investigated the potential of this cultivar for silage production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and quality of silage from the dual-purpose wheat, BRS Umbu, subjected to different cut managements treatments: T1 - without cut (control), T2 - one cut and T3 - two cuts. Each plot represented an experimental unit in a randomized block design, with 5 replicates per treatment. Two representative samples were collected from each plot to determine morphological segmentation (stem, leaf and ear) and dry matter (DM) content of the whole plant and its morphological components. At the time of opening of the silos, food chemical analysis and pH determination were performed. Forage mass production decreased by 26.88% and 67.82%, respectively, with one and two cuts, compared to control. The DM content of the ensiled plant was 49.9 g kg-1 for the control, 54.7 g kg-1 with one cut and 63.2 g kg-1 with two cuts, at the time of ensiling. Management cuts changed the morphological components of the plants, with a lower proportion of stem (28%) in plants subjected to two cuts. The control treatment showed fewer leaves in ensiled plant (9.6%) and intermediate amount of stalk (52.8%), and was significantly different (p &lt; 0.05) to treatment of a cut. Regarding feed chemistry evaluations, no significant difference (p &gt; 0.05) was observed for mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP) and hemicellulose (HEM) between the different cutting regimens. However, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) decreased (p &lt; 0.05) as the number of cuts increased. The control treatment showed higher NDF and ADF content (563.2 and 357.9 g kg-1 DM, respectively) and lower amount of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and net energy of lactation (NEL). However, the estimated milk production (EMP) was superior for this treatment (22,447 l ha-1), demonstrating the high impact of reduced forage mass production with increased number of cuts.