Nutrition Science and Global Networks in Turkey During the Cold War

America and the Making of Modern Turkey: Science, Culture and Political Alliances

Nevin Stewart Scrimshaw

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care was launched in 1998. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The fields of clinical nutrition and metabolic care are divided into 15 sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS Anastasia Z. KaleaAnastasia Z. KaleaDr Anastasia Z. Kalea is an Associate Professor in Teaching Nutrition and Dietetics at the UCL Division of Medicine, UK, and an honorary Associate Professor at the UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, UK. She has over 20 years of research and teaching experience in academic institutions in the US and the UK. She is an external examiner and reviewer for undergraduate nutrition and dietetics programmes in the US, UK, and Greece. Dr Kalea is a Registered Dietitian with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy in the UK. Her research interests focus on metabolic inflammation and associated molecular nutrition pathways, on trace mineral metabolism, on nutrigenetics, precision nutrition and public health, and she has presented her work in numerous national and international conferences. Dr Kalea leads teaching for the MSc in Clinical and Public Health Nutrition, MSc in Eating Disorders and Clinical Nutrition, and the BSc in Nutrition and Medical Sciences. She is the Programme Director for the MSc course in Obesity and Clinical Nutrition at UCL. Dorothy Klimis-ZacasDorothy Klimis-ZacasDr Klimis-Zacas is professor of clinical nutrition, cooperating professor at the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering and Associate Faculty of the Institute of Medicine at the University of Maine, USA. As a Fulbright Senior Fellow, she aided in the establishment and curricular development of the Human Nutrition and Dietetics Program at Harokopio University, Greece, where she is a cooperating professor. She is also cooperating professor at DeFENs-Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences at the University of Milan, Italy. Dr Klimis-Zacas is external reviewer and examiner for undergraduate and graduate Nutrition and Dietetics programs in the US, Italy and Greece. Her research and teaching have focused on lipid and trace mineral nutrition and metabolism associated with cardiovascular disease. Additionally, she has explored the role of berry bioactive compounds and berry-enriched diets on endothelial function, inflammation, and lipid metabolism as it relates to cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome in pre-clinical and clinical studies. She is currently researching the molecular mechanisms and genomic effects of polyphenols on endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis as it relates to diabetes mellitus, ischemic disorders and wound healing. For the development and preclinical testing of a biomedical product that aids in wound healing she received the Inaugural Foster Innovation Award from the University of Maine. A Fulbright Senior Specialist and Cariplo Fellow, Dr Klimis-Zacas is the author of over 130 peer reviewed publications, editor of books and a patent. She is an editorial board member for The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry and editor and guest editor for Antioxidants, Nutrients (MDPI) and others. Bettina MittendorferBettina MittendorferBettina Mittendorfer graduated from the University of Vienna in Austria with a MSc in Human Nutrition, and from the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, USA, with a PhD in Nutritional Biochemistry. In 1999 she came to Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA, for a postdoctoral research fellowship. Currently she is Associate Professor of Medicine and Nutritional Sciences and the Director of the Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Clinical Science Research Core Laboratory at Washington University in St. Louis. Her research interests focus on the regulation of muscle protein and lipid metabolism with special emphasis on obesity, aging and sexual dimorphism, which she studies in vivo in human subjects by using stable isotope labelled tracer techniques. Faidon MagkosFaidon MagkosFaidon Magkos holds a BSc degree in Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics (2000), a MSc degree in Nutrition and Exercise (2004) and a PhD degree in Human Metabolism (2008). He completed post-doctoral training at Harokopio University in Athens, Greece, and Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2011, Magkos was appointed Assistant Professor of Medicine at the Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics & Nutritional Science, at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri. He moved to Singapore in 2015 and served as Assistant Professor of Physiology at the Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, at the National University of Singapore. Since 2018, he is Associate Professor in Obesity Research at the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. The study of human metabolism lies at the core of his research interests and activity. During the course of his career, Magkos has been involved in research projects examining the effects of diet, exercise, obesity and weight gain or weight loss, sex differences, and fatty liver on energy and substrate metabolism, lipid and lipoprotein kinetics, and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. He is a “metabolist” at heart. Since 2003, he has published 154 peer-reviewed publications and his work has been cited more than 7200 times (h-index 46).

Editorial introductions.

This article surveys the activities and funding priorities of the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) during the first two decades of the Cold War, from the mid-1940s through the mid-1960s. Drawing on documents from the RF's own archive as well as Western government repositories, the article focuses on the foundation's support for research in the social sciences and the humanities. The article first gives an overview of RF policies and grants during the early Cold War and then discusses the political dimension of the foundation's philanthropic practices. The main part of the article looks in detail at two specific RF projects in the humanities and social sciences that exemplify the political and intellectual features of the early Cold War. The final section considers the nature of modernity, modernization, and the Cold War.

Meeting the Challenge from Totalitarianism: The Tennessee Valley Authority as a Global Model for Liberal Development, 1933–1945

Reviewed by: The Latin American Literary Boom and US Nationalism during the Cold War by Deborah Cohn Thayse Leal Lima Cohn, Deborah. The Latin American Literary Boom and US Nationalism during the Cold War. Nashville: Vanderbilt UP, 2012. Pp. 264. ISBN 978-0-8265-1805-7. Celebrated, contested, and criticized, the Boom of Latin American literature has been a constant topic of academic debate. Its appeal to intellectual curiosity may be explained by the boom’s peculiar position in the crossroads of literary, cultural, ideological and political events, which makes it a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. In The Latin American Literary Boom and US Nationalism during the Cold War, Deborah Cohn explores this intricate history, investigating the infrastructure and politics behind the dissemination of Latin American literature. Through a remarkable job of exhaustive archival research, the study reveals how the promotion of Latin American literature in the United States became entangled in political interests. Cohn analyses documents from universities, publishing houses, and cultural foundations and their affiliates, demonstrating that Cold War rhetoric pervaded most of these institutions’ efforts to attract sponsorship from both government agencies (such as the CIA and NCA), as well as cultural branches of major capitalist corporations (such as the Ford Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation). Support for Latin American literature was perceived and justified as a way of instilling a positive view of the United States amongst Latin American writers and intellectuals, a group that had a strong influence on public opinion back in their home countries and which, for the most part, were severe critics of US international policies. Studies focusing on the Boom’s ideological and political background are not uncommon, the most influential perhaps being the memoir Personal History of the Boom (1972) by José Donoso. However, while the Chilean writer and other authors relate the phenomenon to the Latin American political context, Cohn adopts a much wider transnational perspective, which brings forth the competing forces and disparate intentions that were at stake in the circulation, promotion, and reception of Latin American literature abroad. This geopolitically expanded point of view, allied with a contrapuntual approach, allowed the author to consider the purposes and aspirations of the many actors involved in the boom. Cohn contrasts the interest of novelists and their editors in the promotion of their work abroad to the machinery of universities, cultural foundations, and publishing houses, most of which were financed by public and private US institutions concerned with harvesting the sympathy of internationally acclaimed intellectuals. The dialogical analyses applied in the book also prevent it from establishing facile relationships of causality between the success of Latin American writers in the United States and the intentions of their international sponsors. In the introduction, Cohn clarifies that most of the writers, translators, and agents were unaware of government support. Therefore, the goals of cultural patrons were not always met, and writers were able to keep the integrity of their political and ideological views. She further argues that if at times the promotion of Latin American literature benefited from international support, at others, the Cold War agenda interfered in a negative way. Chapter 1, for example, focuses on the contradictions born of US anticommunist strategies that would go from courting left-leaning intellectuals as potential allies to considering them as imminent threats to national security. To illustrate this, the author recounts the infamous stories of writer Carlos Fuentes and critic Ángel Rama in their struggle with the McCarran-Walter act, which imposed visa restrictions to individuals considered “subversive.” The authors faced visa impediments despite having received, on several occasions, sponsorship indirectly offered by governmental agencies. The second chapter also offers an emblematic example of Cold War policy ambiguity and unpredictability, and shows how the 1966 PEN Congress compromised with the establishment proposing themes that fit official US ideology, while also creating an opportunity for authors to publicize the Latin American agenda of mutual cooperation and solidarity. In chapters 3 and 4, Cohn argues that universities and private non-governmental institutions that were invested in the promotion of Latin American literature also acted as indirect agents of cultural diplomacy. These institutions used the growing interest in Latin America after the Cuban [End Page 784] Revolution...

Editorial introductions

Personalised medicine has emerged as a novel strategy for treating disease. By combining analyses of genetic and environmental factors, treatments can be specifically tailored to the individual, thereby improving their efficacy. This approach has been particularly useful in cancer, where high heterogeneity in tumour phenotypes and microenvironments make “one-size-fits-all” treatments difficult (Block et al., 2015). The success of these personalised approaches suggests that extension to other areas, including both disease prevention and maintenance of good health, will also be fruitful. Personalised nutrition aims at maintaining and optimising health so as to prevent disease (Kaput et al., 2015b). Current nutritional guidelines are typically derived from epidemiological and associative studies and resulting large clinical databases. Therefore, they are not always useful or actionable for individuals. Indeed, a recent study demonstrated that individuals produce very different changes in blood glucose levels, even after consuming the exact same food (Zeevi et al., 2015). Therefore, in order to help individuals manage e.g. their glycaemic responses to meals, tailored solutions and recommendations must be developed. Research into personalised nutrition is accelerating, and this approach will be crucial for preventing complicated and highly individualised conditions such as metabolic disease and obesity. Diabetes research is an excellent example of how large-scale analyses have yielded insights into the disease complexity, at the level of both the population and the individual. For example, recent studies have identified numerous genetic risk factors related to Type 2 diabetes (Prasad and Groop, 2015); others are exploring the complicated relationship between genes and environmental factors (Franks and Pare, 2016), as well as epigenetic risk factors (Dayeh et al., 2016). However, understanding the enormous amount of genetic data and highly complex (and largely unknown) diet-gene interactions to design individualised nutritional recommendations poses a significant challenge. Indeed, researchers must analyse and correlate multiple kinds of data, including not just genetics, but also modifications of these genes (epigenetics), blood levels of nutrients, glucose tolerance, and numerous additional parameters. Resolving these issues will require a concerted effort from the fields of genetics and informatics, combining the latest ‘omics’ technologies with the power of big data analytics. The scope of the Keystone Symposium “Human Nutrition, Environment and Health” in Beijing, China (October 14th to 18th 2015), was to discuss both the opportunities and challenges for personalised nutrition and the application of systems biology to healthcare. The conference was organised by three leading figures in the field of nutritional and systems science, Martin Kussmann (Nestle Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland), Hannelore Daniel (Technical University Munich, Germany) and Jacqueline Pontes Monteiro (University of Sao Paulo, Brazil), together with the Beijing Genomics Institute. This first-of-its-kind Keystone Symposium and unique event brought experts together from academia, public health care, and industry to discuss state-of-the-art research in the nutritional sciences. Participants from 40 different countries joined the meeting, which made for a truly global snapshot of current nutrition research. The main objective of the meeting was to explore and connect novel quantitative, comprehensive, and molecular approaches to nutrition research, with a focus on personalised nutrition. The talks of the meeting were divided into seven major topics: (1) the interaction between human genome, diet and environment; (2) translational models for human nutrition; (3) human nutritional and lifestyle interventions; (4) capturing and monitoring human individuality; (5) nutrigenomics and systems nutrition; (6) Nutrition 2.0 – translation into solution for human health; and (7) global nutrition and sustainability. The meeting brought together researchers from distinct scientific fields: nutrition, genomics, physiology, epidemiology, clinical research, analytics, and bioinformatics. These topics provided the foundation for discussions surrounding the current state of nutritional sciences. In his keynote address, Jose Ordovas from Tufts University, USA, noted that we cannot ignore the connectivity between genetics and environment for studying – and eventually understanding – how to achieve optimal nutrition. He re-introduced the concept of the ‘exposome’ (Wild, 2012). First espoused 10 years ago, it describes everything the individual is exposed to in his or her life that is not genetic. Crucial to personalised medicine is linking environmental factors to disease risk and causation, and as such may be just as significant a factor as the genome in determining phenotype; indeed, nutrition is one of the main exposomes. However, establishing causal relationships between disease and exposure is difficult, requiring interpretation of vast quantities of data.

Agrarian Crossings: Reformers and the Remaking of the US and Mexican Countryside

Background: Nutrition can be regarded as an important part of any preparation program, as well as an important part of life. It seems essential to develop nutritional science and improve eating habits with the purpose of developing a healthy diet and avoiding the outcomes that arise from a lack of nutrition. Proper nutrition is one of the important factors for the development of health. Lack of sufficient awareness about nutrition can result in improper eating habits. Objectives: The present study evaluated the effect of knowledge about healthy nutrition and nutrition science on the knowledge development approach. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the statistical population consisted of 190 experts and other scholars in the area of nutritional science. A questionnaire based on demographic details, nutritional science, nutrition education, research, proper solutions to individuals’ nutritional problems, and a culture of nutrition was used for data collection. Results: A relatively strong positive correlation was found between the knowledge development approach, nutritional science, nutrition education and research, and proper solutions for individual nutritional problems and a culture of nutrition (P < 0.001). Conclusions: 1) Effective enhancement and participation in an academic community will be important in the future of food and nutrition security; however, major gaps and weaknesses also exist in this context; 2) The main weaknesses in relation to the lack of clear policies and procedures include focusing on only Tehran, Iran; the need to overcome bureaucracy; and problems related to motivation, capital, and international communications; 3) Qualitative and quantitative improvement of research is not possible without access to skilled experts and researchers; 4) To solve these problems, it will be beneficial to pay more attention to the role of universities, facilitate intellectual communication among professors in Tehran and other provinces, ensure that Iranian professors are employed abroad, develop educational and research cooperation with foreign countries, and ensure that facilities for international cooperation put in place by united nations (UN) agencies are used.

The funding patterns of State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES) and 1890/Tuskegee agricultural research programs for human nutrition research for fiscal years (FY) 1970 to 1986 and the departments which received such funding during FY ′86 were evaluated. Land‐grant universities, 1862 and 1890/Tuskegee, receive these funds. Nationally, Cooperative State Research Service‐administered and state‐appropriated SAES funds for human nutrition research increased about two fold from FY ′70 −′86 as adjusted to ′70 levels, while the percentage of budgets expended for this research decreased. The research was performed in a variety of departments. Wide variations in funding were observed for all departmental cat egories. The best SAES funding situations were in Nutritional Sciences, Biochem istry, and Food Science and Human Nutrition, and for Tuskegee/1890 institutions, Home Economics and Research Stations. Departments in Agriculture had better SAES funding situations than those in Home Economics but not at 1890/Tuskegee institutions. Human nutrition has received about 2 percent of land‐grant research funds.

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![Figure][1] On December 31, 2013, the scientific community lost Dr. John A. Milner, an internationally respected scientist known for his work in human nutrition and cancer prevention. John served as Chief of National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Nutritional Science Research Group in the

Human nutrition represents a dynamic interplay between biological evolution and cultural development, profoundly shaping dietary practices and health outcomes. This paper traces the dietary evolution of the genus Homo, from practices like foraging, scavenging, hunting, and gathering to the Neolithic transition towards agropastoral subsistence. These changes influenced human biology, evident in genetic adaptations such as lactase persistence and amylase gene copy variation, and reshaped societal structures and population dynamics. Cultural phenomena, including food rituals and dietary norms, further shaped community identities and nutritional habits. However, industrialization and globalization have introduced new challenges, including obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases, driven by processed food consumption and sedentary lifestyles. These issues are exacerbated by ancestral genetic predispositions, such as the "thrifty gene" hypothesis, which links evolutionary adaptations to modern health disparities in specific populations. Advances in nutrigenomics and personalized nutrition provide promising avenues for tailoring dietary interventions to individual genetic profiles, promoting health and preventing chronic diseases. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers innovative tools for diet assessment, tracking, and personalized guidance, presenting opportunities to address global health disparities. However, these technological advancements must navigate ethical concerns, data privacy issues, and cultural sensitivities. By taking into account biological, cultural, and technological perspectives, this study emphasizes the importance of integrating anthropological and nutritional sciences in addressing modern health challenges. It highlights the role of cultural practices in shaping dietary behaviour and advocates for interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure culturally sensitive, equitable nutrition strategies.