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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered a global pandemic, and the incidence of DM continues to grow worldwide. Nutrients and dietary patterns are central issues in the prevention, development and treatment of this disease. The pathogenesis of DM is not completely understood, but nutrient-gene interactions at different levels, genetic predisposition and dietary factors appear to be involved. Nutritional genomics studies generally focus on dietary patterns according to genetic variations, the role of gene-nutrient interactions, gene-diet-phenotype interactions and epigenetic modifications caused by nutrients; these studies will facilitate an understanding of the early molecular events that occur in DM and will contribute to the identification of better biomarkers and diagnostics tools. In particular, this approach will help to develop tailored diets that maximize the use of nutrients and other functional ingredients present in food, which will aid in the prevention and delay of DM and its complications. This review discusses the current state of nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenomics research on DM. Here, we provide an overview of the role of gene variants and nutrient interactions, the importance of nutrients and dietary patterns on gene expression, how epigenetic changes and micro RNAs (miRNAs) can alter cellular signaling in response to nutrients and the dietary interventions that may help to prevent the onset of DM.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia, which results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin activity or both
The results demonstrated that carbohydrate quality and quantity modified the risk of T2DM, which indicates that changes in risk attributable to the transcription factor-7-like 2 (TCF7L2) variant are increased under conditions of higher insulin demand [55] (Table 2)
Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid in humans that is involved in the control of glucose homeostasis; this effect was shown to be a result of increased insulin, sulfonylurea receptor-1 (Sur-1), Gk, glucose transporter type 2 (Glut-2), proconvertase and pancreatic duodenal homeobox1 (Pdx1) gene expression [106]
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia, which results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin activity or both. Nutrigenetics research involves genetic inheritance and its variations in the response to nutrients and dietary patterns [7], whereas nutrigenomics investigations focus on dietary effects on genome stability, epigenome alterations, RNA and miRNA alterations, protein expression and metabolite changes Both fields depend on advances in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, as these high-throughput technologies enable the analysis of many different genes and their variants, metabolites and a large number of nutrients and bioactives present in food and how they affect human metabolism, nutritional homeostasis and molecular events involved in nutrition-related diseases, such as diabetes. This knowledge has begun to provide evidence where specific targeted nutritional advice, such as following a Mediterranean Diet, helps to decrease cardiovascular risk factors and stroke incidence in people with polymorphisms strongly associated with T2DM [8]
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