Nutrient Uptake of Paddy with Peat Humic Substance Application on Tidal Swamp

Water management is the primary key to agricultural cultivation in the tidal swamps. Saturated soil culture (SSC) technology could decrease pyrite reduction more than conventional systems. The humic acid application will improve soil fertility by chelating Fe and Al. This study was conducted in the plastic house in Karya Bhakti Rantau Rasau Village Sub District Tanjabtim District Jambi Province, from March until June 2022. This study objective is to paddy response to the peat humic acid Saturated Soil Culture (SSC) within tidal swamps. This study used a design randomized. block complete with 2 factors and 4 replicates. The first factors. was a variety consisting. IR 64 and INPARA 4. The second factors was a peat humic acid concentration consisting of: without humic acid, 0,04 g/bucket, 0,08 g/bucket, and 0,12 g/bucket humic acid. Paddy was cultivated in the bucket with 10 kg of soil. Paddy cultivated tree plants per bucket. The research result showed that the INPARA 4 growth was better than IR 64. The lowest shoot Fe content was obtained on INPARA 4 variety with humic acid 0,12 g/bucket.

Corn is one of the important food crops and feeds in the world. Conversion of agricultural land into non-agricultural land is one of the major causes of the decline in corn production. Saturated soil culture (SSC) is a cultivation technology that gives continuous irrigation and maintains water depth constantly and makes soil layer in saturated condition. This technology can prevent pyrite oxidation in the tidal swamp. This research aimed to study the effect of temporary fl ooding under saturated soil culture on the growth and productivity of corn. The research was conducted at Karya Bhakti village, Rantau Rasau, Tanjung Jabung Timur, Jambi Province, Indonesia. The experiment used a split plot design with three replications. The main plot is fl ooding condition, consisted of 1) saturated soil condition continuously, from planting until harvesting time (as control), and 2) saturated soil condition from 0 to 10 DAP (Days after Planting) + fl ooding from 11 to 13 DAP + saturated soil condition from 14 to 28 DAP + fl ooding from 29-31 DAP + saturated soil condition from 32 DAP until harvesting time. The subplot is corn variety, “Sukmaraga”, “Bisma”, “Pioneer 27”, and “Bima 20”. “Pioneer 27” had the highest productivity of 9.33 t.ha-1. Corn varieties with moderate tolerance to temporary fl ooding were “Sukmaraga” and “Bisma”, whereas “Pioneer 27” and “Bima 20” are sensitive to fl ooding.

Saturated soil culture (SSC) is a cultivation technology that gives continuous irrigation and maintains water depth constantly and makes soil layer in saturated condition. By keeping the water-table constantly, soybean will be avoided from negative effect of inundation on soybean growth because soybean will acclimatize and improve its growth. The objective of the research was to study the response of soybean varieties under saturated soil culture on tidal swamps. The research was conducted at Banyu Urip of Tanjung Lago Sub District, Banyuasin District, South Sumatera Province, Indonesia from April to August 2009. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plot was water depth in the furrow consisted of without watering, 10, 20, 30, 40 cm under soil surface (uss). The subplot was soybean variety consisted of Tanggamus, Slamet, Willis, and Anjasmoro. The result showed that the interaction between varieties and water depth significantly affected growth and seed production, except pod numbers/plant. The values of all variables were higher under SSC compared to those cultivated without watering (control), but varieties responded to SSC differently. The highest seed production was obtained from Tanggamus with 40 cm uss, i.e. 4.83 ton/ha but it was not significantly different from those at water depth 20 (4.63 ton/ha) and 30 cm uss (4.71 ton/ha). However, technically and economically, 20 cm uss was the most appropriate water depth for soybean production on tidal swamps. Key words: Glycine max L. (Merr.), water management, water table

Response of Five Soybean Varieties under Saturated Soil Culture and Temporary Flooding on Tidal Swamp

The research was conducted to analyze the diversity, dispersal and domination of the egg parasitoid species of the yellow rice stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas Walker on several land typologies in Jambi Province. The study was conducted by survey method, from December 2010 until June 2011. Samples of egg parasitoids of S. incertulas were collected by baiting parasitoids with eggs of S. incertulas. The results of the research showed that there were three spesies of the egg parasitoids of S. incertulas found in Jambi Province, the most dominant was Telenomus rowani Gahan, followed by Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead and Tetrastichus schoenobii Ferriere. T. rowani and T. japonicum were found in all wetland ecosystems in Jambi Province (tidal swamp, swampy area, rainfed lowland, lowland technical irrigation, and upland technical irrigation), while T. schoenobii was found only in tidal swamp, swampy area, and lowland technical irrigation. The highest species diversity of egg parasitoid of S. incertulas was found on tidal swamp (Shannon index 1.047), followed by swampy area, lowland technical irrigation, rainfed and upland technical irrigation area. The average of proportion of egg masses parasitized by T. rowani, T. japonicum and T. Schoenobii were 22.58, 6.18 and 2.68% respectively. The average of individual eggs parasitized by T. rowani, T. schoenobii, and T. japnicum were 8.41, 1.67 and 1.47% respectively.

Saturated soil culture (SSC) is a promising technology for cultivating soybeans in acidic soil in tidal swamps. The objectives of this study were to measure nutrient uptake in the soybean plant using a saturated soil culture technique and to assess the impact of ameliorant addition in the form of rice biomass and rice hull on soybean yield. Two factors, rice biomass, and rice hull ash, were used in a split plot factorial design to set up the experiment. Four levels in the main factor included without biomass immersion, one immersion of short (3 cm above the root) rice stubble, one immersion of regular (panicle harvested only) rice straw, and two immersions of regular rice straw cut in the soil. The four levels in the subfactor were 0 t ha-1, 0.25 t ha-1, 0.50 t ha-1, and 0.75 t ha-1 of rice hull ash doses. Ameliorant in the form of biomass and rice husk increases soil quality in tidal swamps by enhancing pH, soil nutrients (N, P, K, S), CEC, cations, and base saturation, also reducing toxic compounds and improving soil texture. Application of ameliorant also increases soybean nutrient uptake and eventually increases the productivity of soybeans in tidal swamp acid soil. The best treatment of the first and second factors was one immersion of biomass with a regular cut of rice straw and 0.5 t ha-1 ash rice hull ash addition to the tidal swamp soil, respectively.

Diversity, domination, and distribution of rice stem borer species and its damage in various land typologies in Jambi Province. The research was conducted to analyze the diversity, domination, species distribution of rice stem borers (RSB) and its damage on various land typologies in Jambi Province. The research was carried out using survey method, from December 2010 until June 2011. Samples of RSB were collected from tidal swamp in Tanjung Jabung Timur District, swampy area in Muaro Jambi District, rainfed lowland in Sarolangun District, irrigated lowland in Merangin District, and irrigated upland in Kerinci District and Sungai Penuh District. The results showed that there were five spesies of RSB found in Jambi Province. Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (yellow stem borer) was the most dominant of RSB, followed by Sesamia inferens Walker (pink stem borer), Chilo suppressalis Walker (striped stem borer), Chilo polychrysus Meyrick (dark-headed stem borer), and Scirpophaga innotata Walker (white stem borer). The distribution of S. incertulas, S. inferens, C. suppressalis and C. polychrysus were in all of rice field in Jambi Province, but that of S. innotata was limited over tidal swamp and rainfield lowland area. The RSB damage rate was lower than economic thereshold.

Fe toxicity on recent ricefield has been common problem in ricefield management to increase rice productivity. Adding organic matter like humic acid from any source (such as hay residue compost) and water management (intermitten flooding and continue flooding) can reduce Fe toxicity and it will be able to increase rice yield in one plant season.  But how about in second plant season, this research will found effect of adding humic acid from hay compost residue and water management. The objective of this research was to study the interaction of hay compost humic acid residue effect and water management  on Fe abundant and nutrient uptake and rice yield in recent ricefield.  This research has done by split-split plot design 2 x 4. The main plot which was treatment of water management were permanent flooding and intermitten (P1 and P2). And the  split plot which was  humic acid treatments were Ao = 0 ppm (0 Kg humic acid /Acre), A1= 200 ppm (400 Kg humic acid/A), A2= 400 ppm (800 Kg humic acid/A), A3 = 600 ppm (1200 Kg humic acid /A). Data analysed by statistical methode, if the treatments were significant to be continued by Duncan 05 % analysis.  The result has obtained of this research which was Eh value of soil in flooding and intermitten was decrease in every week because treatment of humic acid in first season. The content of Fe2+ in soil was increase in every week until the 8th week. Value of soil pH until 8th week flooding was increase, and caused P available and P potencial were increase too. Plant growth and yield of rice in second season not better than first season, and for intermitten flooding caused better plant growth and yield of rice.   Keyword :  Fe Toxicity, Humic Acid, water management, Recent Ricefield

Improving efficiency of water use for irrigated rice in a semi-arid tropical environment

Saturated soil culture (SSC) technology appropriate to prevent pyrite oxidation on tidal swamps and has been proved to increase the productivity of soybean on non-tidal swamp. The objective of the research was to determine the growth response of soybean varieties under saturated soil culture on tidal swamps. The research was conducted at Banyu Urip, Tanjung Lago, Banyuasin District, and South Sumatera Province, Indonesia from April to August 2009. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main-plot of the experiment was water depth in the furrow consisted of 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm under soil surface (USS). The subplot of the experiments was soybean varieties consisted of Tanggamus, Slamet, Wilis, and Anjasmoro. No-watering was arranged out of the design as a comparison. The result showed that nutrient absorption of N, K and Mn by Tanggamus was higher than those of other varieties, except K, however K absorption of Tanggamus was not significantly different from Anjasmoro. P and Fe absorption of Tangamus tended to be higher than the other varieties, although statistically they were not affected by variety. However, technically and economically, 20 cm USS was the most appropriate water depth for soybean production at tidal swamps.

Abstract. Toyip, Ghulamahdi M, Sopandie D, Aziz SA, Sutandi A, Purwanto MYJ. 2019. Physiological responses of four soybean varieties and their effect to the yield in several saturated soil culture modification. Biodiversitas 20: 2266-2272. This study aimed to evaluate the production and physiological response of four soybean varieties in saturated soil culture (SSC), compared to conventional dry culture on tidal swamp soil growing media. Four popular varieties in Indonesia, namely Anjasmoro, Grobogan, Tanggamus and Malika, were planted on undisturbed intact tidal swamp soil from Jambi from November 2016 to March 2017 at Bogor. Randomized completely block design with two factors applied in this work, i.e. 4 varieties namely Anjasmoro, Grobogan, Tanggamus and Malika; and 9 culture methods such as dry culture as control of no SSC (i), 1 months SSC (ii), 1.5 months SSC (iii), 2 months SSC (iv), continuous SSC (v), 1 months SSC with water improvement (vi), 1.5 months SSC with water improvement (vii), 2 months SSC with water improvement (viii), and continuous SSC with water improvement (ix). The results showed that (i) pod production per plant was significantly affected by the interaction of both factors; (ii) different varieties lead to significant different of physiological response, i.e. photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency; (iii) the variation of culture methods only showed a significant effect on photosynthetic rate, i.e. saturated soil culture with water improvement (SSC WI) showed 48% and 18% higher photosynthetic rate than dry culture and regular SSC methods, respectively. Pod production was positively correlated to photosynthetic rates and water use efficiency; and negatively correlated to transpiration and stomatal conductance. The highest number of pod production per plant was achieved by Malika variety that planted in 2 months SSC WI.

The main problem encountered by soybean crop in acid sulfate tidal lands is less availability of P, because of its chemical bond with Fe. Heavy dose of fertilization often lead to high fertilizer residue, wich could be used for crops farming using AMF. Research was conducted to study the effect of soybean culturing technique and AMF inoculants source on growth of soybean. The treatments consisted two factors, arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was four inoculants sources of AMF, namely AMF and without inoculation AMF, inoculants from rhizospheres of kudzu (Pueraria javanica), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max). The second factor was culturing tehnique, namely water saturated and dry soil culture. Soybeans were grown in pots containing 5 kg soil derived from tidal land, Simpang Village, District of Berbak, East Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi Province. Results showed that the interaction saturated soil culture with inoculants from corn’s rhizosphere had positive effect on the variability of N, P and K uptake, N and P content in the plant, relative efficiency of inoculants and relative efficiency of P uptake, stem diameter, biomass dry weight, the number of filled pods and seed dry weight of soybeans. Dry soil culture with inoculants of corn’s rhizosphere had greater root colonization, but overall for the growth and grain yield of soybean, saturated soil culture with inoculants from corn rhizosphere has better effect on other growth variables.

Abstract. Suwarti, Ghulamahdi M, Sopandie D, Trikoesoemaningtyas, Sulistyono E, Azrai M. 2022. Secondary trait and index selection determination for maize genotype selection in acidic tidal swamp environment. Biodiversitas 23: 4169-4179. Determining secondary traits as complementary selection in maize genotypes for abiotic stress environment is compulsory since yield-based selection usually provides biased result. This study aimed to obtain secondary traits for maize selection in an abiotic multi-stresses of Fe, Al, and temporary flooding environments of acid sulfate tidal swamp land using multivariate analysis. A total of 150 (un-repeated) maize inbred lines and five check genotypes in five replicates were arranged in a randomized augmented plot design in three environments to generate 525 single plots. Three types of environments based on irrigation regimes were applied on acid soil tidal swamp land to study the agronomic characteristics of maize genotypes in each environment. Saturated Cultivation Technology (SSC) was considered the optimal environment. Dryland treatment was the condition to let the irrigation only depend on rainwater. Temporary flooding treatment was carried out at five stages of different growth periods. Several steps of analysis were applied in this study by taking variance, and heritability was used as the basis for selections. The characters affected by treatments with medium to high heritability were then analyzed with correlation and pathway analysis. Seven selection indexes, SSI, GMP, YSI, YI, TOL, STI, and MP, that have a high correlation to yield in both optimum and stress environments, were applied simultaneity with the selected trait characters to screen the genotypes utilizing PCA biplot analysis. Venn analysis was used to group the genotypes based on the result of the analysis. Indices of STI, MP, GMP, and traits of rows number per ear and the weight of 6 ears were selected as secondary characters for the maize genotypes selection in Saturated Soil culture with temporary flooding stress. Meanwhile, STI, MP, and ear stand height were the selected characters in the dryland of acid sulfate tidal swamp land. Based on the combination of all secondary character selection, genotypes were grouped into five types of stress tolerance in SSC+TF and DL environments. Eight genotypes were tolerant to both SSC+TF and DL stress, and two genotypes were susceptible to both environments.

Determination of check genotypes for maize biomass and grain production on the tidal swamp acid soil environment was randomly picked among the genotypes, regarding of the lack information about check genotypes characteristics on tidal swampland. This study aimed to analyze maize check genotype characteristics on a tidal swamp. Five check genotypes (open-pollinated variety=Sukmaraga, hybrid variety=P27, elite lines=NEI9008, elite lines=MR14, three-way cross hybrid=Bima20URI) was planted among 150 maize lines, tested on tidal swampland in three environment treatment (saturated soil culture/SSC, saturated soil culture+temporary flooding/SSC+TF, and acid dry land/DL). Augmented Randomized Complete Block Design (Augmented RCBD) with five replications was used for this experiment. Data were analyzed using PBSTAT-CL 2.1 statistic tool. The result showed that SSC was the most suitable land management technique for maize plant crops in tidal swamp acid soil. Bima20URI grain biomass production was high in SSC land management of tidal swamp environment. Meanwhile, P27 hybrid variety was ideal for all treatments and adaptable to stressed environment. Sukmaraga was unstable genotype on the and declined on SSC+TF but suitable for SSC. NEI9008 genotypes have high productivity in stressed environments, and MR14 line genotype has stable grain production in every treatment environment yet has lower grain productivity.

Summary. A number of field experiments were undertaken in eastern Indonesia with the aim of improving rice production in this semi-arid region. The objectives of these studies were to examine the effects of irrigation method (raised beds under saturated soil culture v. flooded system), irrigation frequency (daily v. twice weekly) and genotype (traditional v. improved) on rice yield and components of yield, and to examine the response of rice growth on raised beds to sowing time and nitrogen fertilisation. Recent studies in northern Australia have demonstrated that rice can successfully be grown under saturated soil culture. In the Australian studies, grain yield and quality were maintained, yet saturated soil culture used 32% less water than the flooded control in both wet and dry seasons. Higher efficiencies of water use for rice production with saturated soil culture in semi-arid tropical Australia suggest that similar benefits may be realised with this method of irrigation in West Timor. The experiments in West Timor were undertaken within a low-external-input system, and all experiments were affected by drought. The central issue is one of aligning crop growth with water availability to ensure adequate quantity and quality of grain production at the end of the season. On this basis, a number of practical strategies for improving rice production under water-limited conditions in West Timor are suggested. First, time of sowing in the wet season is important, with early-sown crops escaping end-of-season drought. Significantly, the improved genotype (cv. Lemont) was only able to fill its grain adequately if sown early in the wet season, thereby avoiding drought during grain filling. Second, providing soils are sufficiently deep, rice can successfully be grown under saturated soil culture in West Timor. Importantly, preparation of raised beds before the wet season enables rice crops to be sown early, maximising the use of rainfall for crop production. Twice weekly irrigation of rice on beds was found to be more efficient than irrigating daily or flooding the bays. Third, no differences in grain yield were found between the improved short-statured genotype (cv. Lemont) and the taller traditional genotype under the low-external-input system, although differences in components of yield were observed in the wet and dry seasons. There is some evidence that the traditional genotype filled grain better when water was limiting during grain growth by restricting vegetative production and enabling the crop to finish.