Abstract
Increased demand for forest-derived biomass has led to more intensive harvesting practices. However, the export of large nutrient quantities with the harvested biomass may lead to the depletion of soil nutrients. Therefore, improved knowledge concerning macronutrient allocation (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) to different components in forests along age sequences is crucial for their sustainable management. In this study, we quantified nutrient allocation to different ecosystem components, including trees, understorey, forest floor, and different soil depths within a chronosequence (6-, 15-, 23-, and 35-year-old) of larch plantations in China. We then assessed the danger of significant nutrient losses from whole tree harvesting (WTH). Nutrient amounts in trees increased with stand age due to an increase in biomass. Stems accounted for 59%–72% of tree biomass and contained 40%–50% of total tree nutrients in the 15- to 35-year-old stands. The forest floor’s nutrient quantities increased from the 6- to 23-year-old stands and then decreased in the 35-year-old plantations. Conversely, most soil indicators initially declined from 15- to 23-year-old stands and then increased in the 35-year-old stand. The total nutrient stocks were greatest in the soil (0–40 cm), which accounted for about 93%–99% of total nutrients in the larch ecosystem. These data indicate that WTH causes nutrient losses about 2.0–2.5 times higher than stem-only harvesting, when thinning 15- or clear-cut harvesting 23- and 35-year-old stands. However, nutrient losses by WTH have little effect on the soil nutrient pools. Prolonging the crop cycle of larch plantations may be beneficial to improve nutrient return through litterfall and allow available soil nutrients to recover.
Highlights
The use of biomass-based fuels for energy is increasing rapidly due to the need for reduced greenhouse gas emissions [1]
One method for obtaining bioenergy sources is the intensive forest management whole-tree harvest (WTH) method, in which the stems, logging residues, and eventually stumps removed from the site [2] may become an alternative to conventional stem-only harvest (SOH), in which only the stems are harvested while logging residues and stumps remain on-site [3,4,5]
Soil organic mass (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), Available nitrogen (AN), Total phosphorus (TP), Available phosphorus (AP), and AK concentrations initially declined from the 15- to 23-year-old stands and increased
Summary
The use of biomass-based fuels for energy is increasing rapidly due to the need for reduced greenhouse gas emissions [1]. Intensive harvest treatments may cause further nutrient losses due to the removal of nutrient-rich components from the site [6,7]. This has raised concerns on whether more nutrient losses lead to further soil nutrient depletion and lower site productivity [8,9]. In considering this phenomenon, numerous studies have reported on the effects of nutrient losses in soil due to WTH or removal of the understory and forest floor [10,11,12,13]. Phillips and Watmough [12]
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