Abstract
In view of the decision of the United Nations-Economic Commission Europe (UN-ECE) to prepare a protocol for heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants under its Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution an attempt is made to summarize European activities on modeling the atmospheric long-range transport of heavy metals. Special emphasis is placed on mercury, lead and cadmium which have been defined by the UN-ECE to be the priority heavy metals of concern. In this paper, numerical models for atmospheric transport, transformations and deposition of heavy metals are discussed chronologically with respect to their development and first applications. Basic features of the models together with input data and main results are summarized in a table. Limitations of present models and the improvements that are needed to address effectively the issues presently facing the atmospheric scientific and policy-making communities are briefly outlined.
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