Nuevos asedios a la tradición oral de la sierra de Lima

Research of traditional culture, with a special emphasis on ceremonial nutrition, on the territory of Serbian and Romanian Banat, have been carried out for many years within two projects – „Exploring the history and culture of Serbs in Romania“, organized by the Scientific Centre at the Union of Serbs in Romania (Timisoara, Romania) and „The culture of nutrition in Vojvodina through ceremonial practice. Linguistic and ethnological aspect“ and „The culture of nutrition in Vojvodina. Linguistic and ethnological aspect“, owned by Matica srpska (Novi Sad, Serbia). As a participant in the first mentioned project I want to extract one of the segments from the rich notes from the field relating to the ceremonial nutrition in the fast and present the similarities observed in traditional forms, but also notable changes in Serbs on both sides of the state border. The work will show past and present methods and motives of fasting as well as the process of preparing ceremonial fast food. One of the goals set out in the work is to illuminate socio-politicaleconomic circumstances for maintaining / not maintaining fasting, i.e., to point out changes made over time and therefore a new picture of traditional culture. Through the presentation of shorter segments of transcripts and comments from the author of the text, it will show not only the richness of the timber, but also the identity elements that connect the Serbian people separated by the state border.

Introduction. The article dwells on one of the most discussed issues in Ukrainian linguistics – the status of patronymic in the official Ukrainian system of naming. Different scholars’ approaches were analysed on the origins and evolution of these types of anthroponyms, in particular, coinages in -ych,-ovych, -evych, and their place in the Ukrainian anthroponymic system. We would like to emphasize that the complexity of the issue is stipulated by the fact that it encompasses not only linguistic aspects, but also historical, social, and legal ones. Purpose. The purpose of the study is an analysis of the historical development and changes that the linguistic status and sociocultural significance of patronymics in the Ukrainian anthoponymic system gained over a lengthy period of its functioning. The study focuses on establishing the reasons why the peculiarities of use of these types of anthroponyms are debatable in modern use and specifying factors influencing modern use of patronymic names. Object of study. The object of study is patronymic names as an element of the Ukrainian anthroponymic system, their genesis, functioning and correlation with other anthroponymic components in diachrony. Research methods. A large number of research papers, monographs and dissertations discussing the history of the Ukrainian anthoponymy were examined with the application of analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, and observation. A descriptive method was applied for the systematisation and classification of material, and also some elements of diachronic analysis were used to present the evolution of patronymic names from the Old Rus period to the present time. A comparative method was used to analyse the differences in the formation of Ukrainian and russian anthoponymic traditions in view of the considerable administrative pressure that the Ukrainian system had to undergo from different russian administrations. Research results. The analysis of numerous papers of Ukrainian onomasts proves that patronymic names ending in -ych, -ych, -ovych, -evych are ancient and organic elements of the Ukrainian anthoponymic system. They were formed by means of patronymic suffixes beginning in the Old Rus period and served different functions: from substitutes for a name, specifying elements for a proto-surname and patronym proper. They were used in three-element anthroponymic formulas in the modern function of patronymic names ending in -ych, -ovych/-evych, along with other patronymic names. The use of a three-element anthroponymic formula (name + patronymic + surname (AE last name) in Ukrainian does not coincide with its analogue in the russian language, as its legalisation took place later and under the influence of outer factors. Conclusions. The article proves that a three-element anthroponymic formula in Ukrainian is not a calque from russian, but a result of independent development and has a lasting history of its use. However, its final adoption as an official naming took place due to the influence of the russian administrative system.

The article provides the analysis of the most general characteristics of the «successful» and «non-successful» ones during the intensive and traditional foreign language teaching forms. The individual differences have been examined on the different levels of activity: а) on the behavioural characteristics level manifested as a type of the foreign language mastering; б) on the level of the determination of certain abilities in the cognitive processes directly relating to the foreign language mastering type; в) on the level of the neurodynamical characteristics. The types of the abilities and native and foreign language mastering types discovered on the experimental model of the intensive teaching turned out to be universal enough: they can be found in other, less rough conditions. This idea concerning the foreign language mastering types as stable individual and typical characteristics of the students, which form rather independently on the teaching method, has got the experimental confirmation in several our papers and papers implemented under our guidance. The results of studies of the junior, teenage and adolescent schoolchildren have confirmed the existence of three foreign language mastering types –‘communication and speech’, ‘cognitive and linguistic’and‘mixed’ ones, which tend to survive from one age to another. These foreign language mastering types have a different psychophysiological and psychological nature including the communication and speech and cognitive and linguistic aspects. The favorable condition for maximal development of the schoolchildren’s language abilities is a correspondence of the teaching type, content of the education technology and individual and typological schoolchildren’s particularities.

Este trabajo se compone de un corpus de treinta y siete narraciones de tradicion oral maya-tojolabal registradas, transcritas y traducidas exclusivamente para esta investigacion, ademas de un analisis literario de las mismas. La lengua maya-tojolabal (cuyos hablantes viven en el sureste de Chiapas, Mexico) cuenta hoy en dia con poco mas de 50 000 hablantes, segun los censos oficiales, cifra que merma anualmente como consecuencia de los procesos de mestizaje. Los estudios sobre tojolabales han sido minoritarios en el campo de las ciencias sociales si los comparamos con los que se han desarrollado en torno a otros grupos indigenas de Chiapas, como los tzeltales o los tzotziles. Dentro de estos estudios, ademas, la narrativa de tradicion oral tojolabal ha sido pretexto para estudiar aspectos antropologicos o linguisticos del grupo, o con un afan meramente divulgativo, pero casi nunca con un objetivo estrictamente literario. El objetivo principal de esta investigacion ha sido rescatar un corpus literario representativo de una lengua maya en retroceso y darle un tratamiento propio de un objeto de estudio literario de tradicion oral. Para ello se llevo a cabo un trabajo de campo de varios meses en seis poblaciones tojolabales en las que se registraron las treinta y siete versiones que aqui se incluyen. Posteriormente, se clasificaron, transcribieron, tradujeron y editaron de acuerdo a una metodologia que destacase las formas, los mecanismos y significados caracteristicos de esta tradicion. Una vez hecho esto, se llevo a cabo el analisis literario de cada relato por conjuntos de versiones. En estos analisis se combino una descripcion de los aspectos semanticos y formales de los relatos con algunos datos antropologicamente relevantes para la comprension de los mismos en su contexto local. En los relatos que componen este corpus pueden observarse algunos recursos literarios que parecen ser (por su frecuencia) caracteristicos de la tradicion oral maya-tojolabal, entre los cuales cabe destacar las figuras retoricas de repeticion y las formulas de apertura y cierre. En cuanto a los contenidos, las relaciones familiares de parentesco, y la relacion del hombre con la naturaleza y con los seres divinos que la habitan son algunas de las constantes que se repiten en este corpus. Este conjunto de relatos muestra tambien la relacion de la tradicion oral tojolabal con otras tradiciones (por ejemplo la maya o la judeo-cristiana), con las que comparte temas y motivos. Asi mismo, en estas narraciones pueden observarse algunos de los recursos de la narrativa tradicional universal. Algunos de los relatos incluidos en esta investigacion situan los hechos en el origen de los tiempos, cuando el mundo estaba aun configurandose. En ellos podemos encontrar la explicacion de la apariencia de algunos animales y la destruccion de los primeros hombres creados («El origen de los animales»), o el descubrimiento del maiz («El maiz y la hormiga arriera»). Otros son protagonizados por fenomenos atmosfericos personificados de gran importancia en la vida campesina de los tojolabales («Los hermanos Rayo»). En otros casos, los seres sobrenaturales que habitan el mundo interactuan con los protagonistas, cuyo destino ofrece ejemplos morales de comportamiento («Sombreron y la mula»). En otras narraciones, los animales personifican las virtudes y defectos humanos («El conejo y el coyote»).

This research studies two translations of Henry Enfield Roscoe's chemistry book of 1872 into Japanese (1873) and Hebrew (1929). Roscoe's original chapter on candle burning is presented, in which he manifested his attitude to chemical experiments. The Japanese and Hebrew historical backgrounds of the translations, as well as their cultural and linguistic aspects are discussed. Roscoe's relations with Japanese scholars are presented. The study moves between events in three countries, England, Japan and Israel. The importance and complexity of translation of science and its later results are discussed.

The article analyzes the language and cultural code of lullaby songs and maternity incantations (algyss) which belong to the oldest layer of the Yakut folklore. The addressees are the patron goddesses of clans Aiysyt and the guardian goddesses Ieyekhsit. Understanding of the cultural text language leads to the finding of prototypical conceptual meanings in the consciousness of the ancient Sakha. The novelty of the research lies in the identification of the sign nature of lullabies and incantations, which until now have not been the subject of interest for the Yakut linguists. The aim of the paper is to analyze the semiotic signs and symbols of lullaby songs and maternity spells in semiosphere of the Sakha culture. The article is based on archival materials and published folklore texts. Archaic texts are endowed with magical functions: procreative and apotropaic. In the ritual songs, especially in the rites of transition, both the action code and the sound code (moaning, sound repetitions, the manner of singing: diyeretiya or daegeretiyaҥ) are combined and coexist. Sound behavior in the house of a woman in labor during and after the delivery is strictly regulated. Special sacredness is expressed by allegorical messages about the approach of childbirth, which are expressed by the time code. A syntagmatic series of auspicious signs is presented: the numerical characteristic is joined by color and spatial ones, which model the theme of creation of the Universe and Man. The theme of creation is presented through the technological code of making the cradle. The ambivalence of archaic representation generated by the anthropic functions time/birth, our own/foreign, up/down, and death/life is observed. The symbol of the child is traditionally an egg and a bird, as for gender terms, the symbol of a boy is a knife, the symbol of a girl is a scissor. Wishes for the child’s good fortune are displayed by the concept of cold, which preserves the fact of the negative attitude of the Sakha people from the south to the northern Arctic climate. The sound song code is expressed by a set of cultural codes: the action code, which is defined as a set of ritual and ceremonial actions to achieve the hearing of the patron goddess of childbirth; the time code, corresponding to the three-dimensional universe; the spatial code, represented by the eight-member horizontal and nine-tier vertical model. Sign systems of folk culture functioning in lullabies and incantations are inseparable from their pragmatics. They are “folded messages” which eventually represent archetypal beliefs of ancient Sakha, which are deciphered as a result of semiotic and linguistic research.

<p>The history of I La Galigo as a literary work of ancient Bugis has given many contributions towards world literature development both in oral and written forms. In the previous decades, there were a lot of talks about past traditions which still exist in society. Those traditions have received the attention of various experts especially anthropologist, sociologists and philologists. One form of traditions that still exists today is the Bissu oral tradition. In various translations of episode of I La Galigo, those explain many things about the existence of Bissu with sacred verses which are inseparable from one another. The form of a Bissu tradition which still survives today is something that has value and becomes a local cultural heritage that can be said to be global. This paper aims to describe the ritual performing art in Bissu activities which manifests in tradition, especially in Bugis Soppeng society. Activities in a Bissu tradition certainly contain various kinds of local wisdom values that are expected to contribute to build one's character.</p>

O presente artigo versa sobre a importância da Literatura Infantil no contexto da Educação Infantil, tendo como objetivo apresentar, brevemente, aspectos históricos relacionados à Literatura e a Educação Infantil e ancorar a importância dessa abordagem na formação da criança. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica apoiada em estudos de teóricos como Regina Zilberman (2012), Ligia Cadermatori (1987), Oliveira (2016), Marisa Lajolo (2003), Freire (1989), apoiados nos estudos de Fanny Abramovich (2009) em sua obra: Literatura Infantil – Gostosuras e Bobices, que evidenciam a Literatura Infantil e contribuem para reflexões no contexto da Educação Infantil, especialmente, no que tange a formação da criança. A metodologia adotada foi uma pesquisa bibliográfica, fundamental para a revisão de literatura realizada, com base a uma pesquisa qualitativa. Diante das reflexões abordadas, pode-se concluir que a Literatura Infantil é de extrema importância, pois é fonte de informações, valores e cultura, exercendo um papel importante na formação da criança em seus aspectos cognitivo, social, afetivo, linguístico, incentivando-a a desenvolver seu senso crítico e reflexivo desde a primeira etapa da Educação Básica.

The state of the sources of the Old Norse religions presents a great problem. Most of them were written down two hundred or even three hundred years after the Christianization of the North, based on an oral tradition going back to the pre-Christian ages. This situation has led to an intense discussion about the Christian influence or even interpolations in the text or what are genuine proofs of Old Norse religion. The examples represent varying methods of overcoming source problems show that it is necessary to put new questions to the source material such as: What was the purpose of the sacrifice? Who sacrificed and who received it? Which sacrifices took place in calendar rites, in rites of passage or in crisis? And what are the areas of purification or avoidance in the sacrificial situation? A combination of methods encompassing both the comparative and the linguistic aspect provides an opportunity to overcome the difficulties encountered by the students of Old Norse mythology, especially the problems with the sources.

Vēḏa is considered as the ultimate source of knowledge and the value of the Vēḏic oral tradition is reason for it being termed as masterpiece of oral and intangible heritage of humanity. This value of Vēḏic music is comprised in its antiquity as well as its continuity in the applicability of some common principles instantiated in music and language. Mankind’s earliest ideas of music and methods of protecting mantras found in Vēḏic literature are reflected even in Indian popular music; especially in catch lines of jingles sometimes unconscious of its base in Vēḏa. They are instantiated due mainly to underlying linguistic commonality in Indian and other related languages. Present is an analysis, with instances, of the manner in which principles of Vēḏic music have survived the vagaries of time and manifested in different popular Indian music genres today. In fact, these principles that have dealt with tonal, temporal, metrical, and linguistic aspects, to name a few, in Vēḏic enunciations have helped not only Indian music but also musics of the world. This universalization stems from biological, scientific, spiritual, and linguistic observations made by the Vēḏic people. Continuity is evidenced thanks to preservation techniques and formulae based on these observations. This article is a cultural study of music in Vēḏas and Indian popular music and how change and universalization have not happened at the cost of continuity in Vēḏic musical principles intertwined with linguistics.

Weston, Robert Paul. Illus. Misa Saburi. Sakura’s Cherry Blossoms. Tundra Books, 2018.Sakura, a little girl whose name means “cherry blossom”, shares picnics and stories with her grandmother under the cherry blossom tree near their home in Japan. When Sakura and her mother and father immigrate to North America while her grandmother remains in Japan, the little girl deals with the challenges of adjusting to life in a new country and grieving when her grandmother dies. As the seasons change and spring returns, Sakura comes to understand her grandmother’s wisdom about the importance of friendship. Themes of intergenerational relationships, mourning the loss of a family member, cross-cultural friendships, and the healing power of time all are represented in this book.Author Robert Paul Weston uses a poetry approach to storytelling, a call-back one of his earlier books, Zorgamazoo. This time, the author presents Sakura’s Cherry Blossoms as a series of Tanka, a traditional Japanese non-rhyming form of poetry whose spare and brief structure is well-suited to depicting each event in the story. Weston includes an explanation of Tanka at the end of the book and encourages young readers to create their own poems following this format.The text and illustrations introduce readers to linguistic and cultural aspects of Japan, including traditional foods, clothing, games, and names. It captures the sense of loneliness, disconnection and culture shock people can experience in a new environment, and gently depicts the gradual healing process, culminating in Sakura blossoming with renewed energy, wisdom, and happiness.Highly Recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Maria TanMaria is a health sciences librarian at the University of Alberta and a former editorial team member of the Deakin Review. She is the co-author, with Sandy Campbell, of A Selective Collection of Children’s Health Fiction 2014 – 2016, described in the Volume 6 (3) issue of the Deakin Review.

At the present stage of the studies of musical art, more and more attention is paid to the issues of style as an important category of musicology. Style is a multi-level category that is interpreted by scientists from different positions and views. Ambiguity of style predetermines long development of this category, evolution of its perception, emergence of new, modern studies that have become relevant in the scientific space. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the problem of defining the style and the principles of using the term, taking into consideration the historical aspect of understanding this category in musicology. The use of the concept of “style” began with the oratorical art of ancient Greece and can be found in the writings of Aristotle (“Rhetoric”, “Poetics”), in musical art and architecture. Aesthetic treatises of the Renaissance view style as a collection of certain features that make it possible to distinguish artistic phenomena among themselves. However, the term itself is used only in relation to figurative art, painting. The concept of style is becoming more acute on the brink of the historical epochs of the late Renaissance and the Baroque, but is mixed with the category of genre. The need to use the concept of “style” in Art Studies was raised in the musical-historical works of the early eighteenth century. The basics of understanding the style, as a special manifestation of artistic and creative thinking, laid in the era of the Enlightenment, became the basis for most definitions of this concept. Since the 19th century, interest in the style issues has increased, due to the growth of the personal factor in art, the emergence of national schools, including composer schools, in the epoch of romanticism; crystallization of the concept took place, its main meanings were polished. In the first half of the twentieth century there appears a certain number of works, where, to varying degrees, the problem of style is displayed. In the development of style problems important became the achievements of B. Yavorsky and B. Asafiev, who identified the following ways in its study: the scientists are united by the common understanding of style, as the embodiment of musical thinking. The style of B. Yavorsky is connected with the historical and epoch-making value and manifests itself in the entire spiritual culture. B. Asafiev creates a rather original interpretation of the problem of style, the basis of which is the theory of intonation. Realizing the ambiguity of the concept of style, presenting different approaches in understanding the style, its historical aspects and the principles of style analysis, M. Mikhailov gives his own definitions of the concept, revealing its content from different points of view. Thus, the scientist often relates the definition of style with the linguistic aspect and thinking. The concept of style acquired significant development in musicology due to modern interpretations. The category of style class has a fairly long history of formation and has prospects for further research, which is reflected in the nature of perception of the style of different periods of the history of music, individual and national style. Multiple meanings and versatility of the application of the term in musicology indicates broad possibilities of this category, the study of which makes it possible to reveal the essence of many aspects of contemporary art.

Any high-quality literary work provides an artistic effect on the reader, and what is expected from translation is to provide the same effect on the reader of the translated work. This might be the only way for the translation to be considered as successful. In literary translation, words, expressions or entire sentences can have connotative and figurative meanings besides their denotative meaning. The meaning of a word in a dictionary, in a sentence, or in a text can differ from each other. Sometimes a word can have multiple meanings depending on the context. All these factors affect the translatability of a work. The translatability of a literary work depends on its genre, the style of its author, and the period in which it was written. Words, expressions, phraseological units, idioms, etc. created in the source text have not only a linguistic aspect but also many social, cultural and historical aspects. In other words, they are related to social, cultural and historical events. The complex structure of literary works complicates the process of literary translation itself. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of metaphors in a literary text by analyzing A Mind at Peace work and suggest new metaphorical translation ideas. The study has been conducted by using the text analysis method. The research material is the metaphorical units used in the Russian translation of A Mind at Peace A. H. Tanpinar’s work. The work was translated into Russian by Apollinaria Avrutina in 2018. The study gives an insight to the problem of translating metaphors, which one of the elements of the complex structure of a literary work by discussing the classification of metaphor translation techniques developed by T. A. Kazakova.

The article provides an analysis of several aspects of the corpus of surnames used by Jews who lived after the end of the Middle Ages in the territory that today corresponds to the Republic of Georgia. One section covers historical aspects: the earliest attestations and their exact status and the period when the use of surnames became stabilized. The next two sections discuss morphological aspects: the endings found in the surnames and historical, linguistic, and social explanations of the distribution observed, compound names, names with demonymic suffixes, and those based on hypocoristic forms of given names (a detailed coverage of methods of constructing such forms is also provided). In the remaining sections, the reader will find an analysis of phonetic peculiarities found in Georgian Jewish surnames, the types of surnames with their statistical distribution, as well as the description of surnames that were not created in Georgia but were brought as ready-made forms by Jews who migrated during the 19th–20th centuries to Georgia from other territories.

The article analyzes the concept of phonetic subcompetence as mastering the phonetic system of the Ukrainian language and the conscious practical application of the obtained theoretical knowledge in its own language. Its linguistic component have been identified. In terms of the language component, the division of sound units into segmental and super-segmental ones has been clarified. It has been substantiated that the study of sounds is based on the physical, physiological and linguistic aspects, and a sound is a physical phenomenon which has height, intensity, tone, timbre, duration in time, and is formed by the human speech apparatus and is perceived by a human hearing system and is of a public character. It has been researched that for the first time the future Ukrainian language teachers study the concept of «phoneme», which performs constitutive, identificative and distinctive functions, and, being realized through a morpheme or a word, articulated by human consciousness, future teachers become familiar with its features and become aware of the difference between a sound and a phoneme. It has been found that in the course of «Modern Ukrainian literary language» students study the concept of «phonetic composition» as an element of the sound chain, its phonetic characteristics, a specific feature, and also study it in phonetic (a form of sound organization), phonological (a form of phonemes organization) and historical aspects (inherited from the Slavic language). The problem of acquaintance with the super-segmental phenomena of the phonetic system of the Ukrainian language, to which composition and intonation are attributed, has been highlighted. The consideration of the following specific principles of learning has been motivated: reliance on oral speech and payong attention to speech that meets literary standards; improvement of the ability to articulate sounds of the Ukrainian language; combination of the simulation of mastering orthoepic skills with the conscious acquisition of literary standards; reliance on language hearing, improvement of auditory memory;constant training in the comparison of the sounds of the words; studying phonetics with other linguistic brances; taking into account local features, the physical development of organs of speech and the choice of partial methods and techniques. They include phonetic (phonemic, orthoepic) analysis; exercises, observations and analysis of the sound composition of the language; differentiation of speech sounds; observation and analysis of articulation of sounds; revealing the structure of the composition, the rhyth of words; observation of the intonation of the text. Key words: linguistic competence, phonetic subcompetence, sound, phoneme, composition, intonation.