Nudging and boosting reasonable use of public products: two experiments from China

Assessment of IT governance with IT Balanced Scorecard (IT BSC) is required for the assessment of IT governance in an organization, institution or company to see the extent to which the strategy embodied in the vision and mission and objectives to be achieved in insitutusi. The research objective is to determine the governance of IT in terms of contribution to organizational perspectives, perspectives user orientation, perspective on operational excellence and future perspectives orientation in STMIK ProVisi Semarang. The study was conducted using questionnaires to the Chief Information Officer (Puskom) in STMIK ProVisi to response to matters related to the Perspective Contributions Organization, User Orientation Perspective, Perspective and Perspective Operational Excellence Orientation in the Future. The results showed the average value of the performance in perspective Contributions categorized Organisation sufficient level of achievement. The value of the average performance on Perspectives User Orientation categorized a good level of achievement. The value of the average performance in perspective Operational Excellence categorized the level of achievement sufficient. The value of the average performance on the Future Orientation categorized a low level of achievement.

<p id="p00005">In recent years, the nudging method of default options has been increasingly used to improve public behavior and increase the public approval of social policies. Default option setting is a tool of choice architecture. It involves setting a pre-selected option that takes advantage of people’s inertia, subtly increasing the likelihood that decision-makers choose this default option. Defaults are commonly framed in the opt-in system (without any default) and opt-out system (target option as a default). The frequencies at which the target option is of the target option is chosen are considerably higher in the latter, which is known as the default effect. Although a great number of studies have shown the default effect in various scenarios, the effectiveness of default nudge has been questioned by scholars and the public nowadays. For example, there are a series of studies that show that default option settings are ineffective or even counterproductive in promoting public behavior. <break/>Given the dispute on the effectiveness of the default nudge method, the current study aims to systematically examine how effective defaults are and whether their effectiveness varies across culture (Eastern culture vs. Western culture), domains (money-related domain, health-related domain, and environment-related domain), behavioral motives (benefits self vs. benefits others; whether there is real financial consequence of choice), and experiment characteristics (type of dependent variables, time of publication, sample size, and type of experiment). We conducted a literature search and meta-analysis of 56 articles, covering 92 default studies (pooled <italic>n</italic> = 112, 212, range = 16 ~ 19992) that fitted our inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed that opt-out defaults lead to more pre-selected decisions than opt-in defaults do (<italic>d</italic> = 0.59, <italic>t </italic>= 10.12, 95% CI = [0.47, 0.71],<italic> p</italic> &lt; 0.001), indicating that default nudging has a considerable effect. Further analysis showed two factors that could partially explain when the defaults’ effectiveness varies. First, moderating analysis showed that cultural background moderated the effect of default nudging: the effect of opt-out system under Western culture performed better than that under Eastern culture (<italic>b</italic> = 0.44, 95% CI = [0.05, 0.84], <italic>p </italic>= 0.027). Second, the moderating analysis also revealed the moderating effect of consumer choice and health choice. The nudging effectiveness of the default option settings was relatively better in the field of consumer choice (<italic>b</italic> = 0.43, 95% CI = [0.15, 0.70], <italic>p </italic>= 0.002), also somewhat effective in the field of pro-environmental choice (<italic>b</italic> = -0.32, 95% CI = [-0.66, 0.02], <italic>p </italic>= 0.067), and weakest in the field of health domain (<italic>b</italic> = -0.32, 95% CI = [-0.42, 0.10], <italic>p </italic>= 0.233). Lately, the default effect was not influenced by motivational factors or experiment characteristics. <break/>In conclusion, the current work-integrated findings in previous default-related studies and answered the questions regarding how effective the defaults are and when their effectiveness varies. The present meta-analysis covered 21 more studies than previous analyses and 5 more studies based on the Asian samples. In the 92 studies included in this meta-analysis, most showed a positive effect of default nudge on people’s behavioral change, and only a few studies found no significant or negative effects. The total default effect in our analysis was slightly lower than the results reported by Jachimowicz et al. (2018), but it still showed a medium-sized effect, indicating that the default nudge is indeed effective in promoting behavioral changes. Our finding provides a new conclusion for the studies of the effectiveness of the default effect, and reveals the moderating effect of cultural background for the first time, which may help us to better understand whether the defaults are effective and when to use the defaults.

PurposeThis study aims to explore the effect of two digital nudging technologies that is overt digital nudging (ODN) and covert digital nudging (CDN), on consumers’ choices of nudged options in the context of online customization systems (OCS).Design/methodology/approachThis paper designed a 2 (ODN: yes/no) by 2 (CDN: yes/no) full factor between-subject lab experiment in the context of online travel package customization. This paper collected and analyzed the number of nudged options (the intermediate options) of choices among consumers in these four scenarios.FindingsODN and CDN have positive effects on consumers’ choices of nudged options in online customization (OC). In addition, mixed nudge (a combination of ODN and CDN) has a more significant effect on consumers’ choices of nudged options in OC than using CDN only.Research limitations/implicationsThis study focused only on the choice behavior of consumers in the customization context and did not analyze their attitude change. The present study used vendor recommendation as the proxy variable of ODN and default option as the proxy variable of CDN. A future study could explore other instances of ODN and CDN.Practical implicationsThis study explores the effects of digital nudging technologies in the context of OCS. The study provides clear guidance for customization vendors on whether to use digital nudging tools and their combinations, and which tools should be preferred.Social implicationsVendors can adopt digital nudging technology to persuade consumers to choose nudged options. This nudging effect can make consumers’ choices predictable and less uncertain, thus adding profits for vendors.Originality/valueFirst, the study focuses on the impact of digital nudging on consumers’ choices and enriches the understanding of the impact of customization system design on consumers’ choices. Second, this paper put forward a new classification method for digital nudging and proposed, respectively, the effect mechanisms on consumers’ customization choices. Third, this study explores the effect of combining multiple nudging tools in OC context on consumers’ choices, which deepens the understanding of the interactive effects of different types of nudging tools.

People's decisions often deviate from classical notions of rationality, incurring costs to themselves and society. One way to reduce the costs of poor decisions is to redesign the decision problems people face to encourage better choices. While often subtle, these nudges can have dramatic effects on behavior and are increasingly popular in public policy, health care, and marketing. Although nudges are often designed with psychological theories in mind, they are typically not formalized in computational terms and their effects can be hard to predict. As a result, designing nudges can be difficult and time-consuming. To address this challenge, we propose a computational framework for understanding and predicting the effects of nudges. Our approach builds on recent work modeling human decision making as adaptive use of limited cognitive resources, an approach called resource-rational analysis. In our framework, nudges change the metalevel problem the agent faces-that is, the problem of how to make a decision. This changes the optimal sequence of cognitive operations an agent should execute, which in turn influences their behavior. We show that models based on this framework can account for known effects of nudges based on default options, suggested alternatives, and information highlighting. In each case, we validate the model's predictions in an experimental process-tracing paradigm. We then show how the framework can be used to automatically construct optimal nudges, and demonstrate that these nudges improve people's decisions more than intuitive heuristic approaches. Overall, our results show that resource-rational analysis is a promising framework for formally characterizing and constructing nudges. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Impact of Default Options on Tourist Intention Post Tourism Chatbot Failure: The Role of Service Recovery and Emoticon

Digital nudges as conversion enhancers in profit-oriented and non-profit oriented digital business models

Healthy nudges: exploring their variability, limitations, and future challenges.

IntroductionNudge-interventions aimed at health professionals are proposed to reduce the overuse and underuse of health services. However, little is known about their effectiveness at changing health professionals’ behaviours in relation...

When people make a decision that involves a pre-selected option – a default – they are more likely to select it. Due to their effectiveness, defaults have been widely implemented by public and private organizations alike. But are there cases when implementing a default can backfire? More specifically, under which conditions do defaults fail to work? One obvious situation is where the default option does not match the decision-maker’s preference. Less obvious are situations where defaults reduce perceived choice autonomy and decision-makers switch away from a defaulted option even when it matches their preferences. To show the existence of two types of motivations for default-rejection, we meta-analyzed 19 existing default studies and conducted four new lab experiments. Our studies reveal a hidden cost to the near-ubiquitous usage of defaults, whereby pre-selected options can prompt individuals to choose contrary to their preferences because they perceive lower autonomy. We also devise a novel way to deliver default implementations that does not reduce decision-maker’s perceived decision-making autonomy and reduces rates of default-rejection. We conclude with implications for the widespread usage of defaults and policy-making.

Reviewed by: Possible Selves and Adult Learning: Perspectives and Potential Steven Weiland Marsha Rossiter (Ed.). Possible Selves and Adult Learning: Perspectives and Potential. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, No. 114. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007. Paper: $29.00. ISSN: 1052-2891. The nature and operations of the “self ” or the “self-concept” have posed essential problems for academic and popular psychology. Thus: Is the self stable over the course of one’s life or is it malleable? Is there one “true” self or several? And how does one’s self-concept influence behavior? With the idea of the “possible self,” Hazel Markus and Paula Nurius (1986) named a feature of cognitive structure that was dynamic and future oriented but with significant meaning for any life as it was being lived. Thus, “possible selves . . . provide the interpretive and evaluative context for the now self” (964). Markus and Nurius proposed that the concept could overcome the static quality of many other formulations and help to explain behavior by coordinating concrete images of the future representing both opportunities and threats to change and development. “Possible selves provide for a complex and variable self-concept but are authentic in the sense that they represent the individual’s persistent hopes and fears and indicate what could be realized given appropriate social conditions” (965). The concept of the possible self has become an influential one (the article introducing it has been cited over a thousand times in work in the behavioral sciences) and thus deserves the attention represented by Marsha Rossiter’s slim volume. In her introduction, she proposes that “our insights into adult learners’ motivation, future time orientation, [End Page 137] educational goals, and self-efficacy beliefs will be enriched by an acquaintance with the dynamics of possible selves” (13). In effect, the concept offers a fresh vocabulary for addressing familiar theoretical and practical problems in adult learning but even more so in activities occurring in the classroom and other locations of formal education. In Chapter 2, Ageliki Leondari identifies the particular responsibility that teachers of adults have in recognizing their students’ possible selves. “Given that their views of various career and educational opportunities may have been stunted or curtailed earlier in these learners’ lives, the educator’s role in facilitating an expansion or transformation of the learner’s sense of possibility is critical” (23). Still, there is a difference between supporting a student’s image of herself or himself for the future as a resource for aspiration and significant change and mobilizing a possible self for academic work currently underway. The image of the successful student—an example of the possible self—can reinforce self-efficacy. And the modesty of classroom success as a reachable goal can fortify the habit of academic achievement. That is what Leondari acknowledges: “Those selves that seem plausible and probable for one give meaning to current behavior—positive and negative—and influence the direction of current activities by enabling the person to focus attention on specific, task-relevant thoughts and to organize action” (20). Like the other contributors, Leondari recognizes that possible selves can be “vivid and elaborate” and have roles in “fostering a positive emotional state that is energizing” (20). Thus, an individual can look well beyond a particular performance on an exam or in a course. Accordingly, the possible self can be seen as a kind of bridge between what must be done in the present to move someone toward a goal that may be relatively abstract and far in the future. The applied context of most adult learning means that the possible self is seen as a resource for career counseling and what new educational and career aspirations it can demand, typically in the resumption of postsecondary education or embarking on it for the first time. In Chapter 4, Lee and Daphna Oyserman seek to influence institutions and educational policymakers to recognize the role of the possible self among low-income single mothers struggling to succeed as nontraditional students. Their aspirations are to be cultivated but not without attention to the uses of “feared possible selves” (the unsuccessful student) and their productive role in motivation. Markus and Nurius called attention to the need for...

The power of innovation is one of the most critical resources for both organisational and societal wealth. It effectively offers solutions in the face of economic and social challenges. Furthermore, commercial entities may sustain their operations in the current market environment through innovative strategies. Through innovation, different entities can survive and thrive by creating value and gaining a competitive advantage. Current research on innovation management has mainly focused on developed market economies and relatively large firms. However, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SME) form a significant fraction of the players that contribute a great deal to economic growth as well as innovation. In addition, little research has been conducted to explore the internal and external drivers of innovation in SME operations, adopting an integrative and comprehensive approach that takes into account the dynamic global climate. This study seeks to contribute knowledge on innovation theory, practice and evidence from the Australian socioeconomic context to business and innovation management literature. The Australian economy is regarded as greatly diverse and is dominated by SMEs. The study contributes to filling the gap in strategy-focused research in the domain of SMEs. Through government support, the economy has achieved significant levels of industrialisation, modernisation, and steady economic growth. The present research problem is to identify the innovation enabling and deterring factors, and to explore strategic orientation and its influence on innovation and firm growth performance. In addition, this study seeks to offer insights on innovation development in Australia, to determine the impact of innovation practices on SME business growth performance and attain a greater understanding of SME innovation practices and capacities. The hypothetical conceptual model developed in this study was based on a systematic review of innovation management literature for the construction of an innovation-driven organisation that aims to empower its knowledge workers to innovate, thus unleashing organisational innovation and improving the governance and measurement of innovation. It also provides answers to recent calls to differentiate between components of a firm’s strategic orientations. The study has also developed a behavioural model for strategic planning and investigating the desirability and feasibility for Australian SMEs to engage in innovative activity. It addresses the concern that more evidence is needed to understand the impact of innovation practices on innovation engagement in SMEs. The dataset used in this study comes from the Business Longitudinal Survey (BLS) for Australian SMEs over the financial years 2006/07 - 2010/11, which is the main statistical instrument of Australia. The BLS was developed for monitoring a wide range of business characteristics and behaviours, which it links to performance over time. The results suggest that: first, certain strategic orientations (future orientation, technology orientation, collaboration orientation, risk orientation, and innovativeness orientation) tend to have a significant influence on innovation practices; second, the perception of moderate barriers (financial, knowledge, and environmental) could be beneficial for stimulating innovation activities; and third, innovation practices tend to have a significant influence on business growth performance. Furthermore, a moderating effect of IS integration in the relationship between collaborative network and innovation performance is found. The results of this study present several interesting findings and provide significant contributions. It is highly probable that this is the first empirical study exploring SMEs’ innovation practices in the Australian economy and the impact of these practices on business growth performance. The present study further enriches business and innovation management literature with both managerial and academic implications, because it offers empirical evidence of the relationship between innovation practices, strategic orientations, and business growth performance. It finally provides a practical model at the strategic level of the firm with dynamic capabilities that SMEs can use as guiding principles for formulating innovation strategies.

Digital nudging is increasingly being used in the field of dietary quality change. However, existing reviews have not systematically evaluated the comparative effectiveness of different digital nudging strategies on dietary quality, particularly within the context of randomized controlled trials. The objective of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature on the effectiveness of digital nudging in improving dietary quality, as observed in randomized controlled trials. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, VIP, CNKI, and Wanfang database. A structured search was conducted by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The initial search spanned studies from the inception of each database to July 7, 2024, and an updated search was performed from July 8, 2024, to April 30, 2025. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool (ROB 2) was used to assess the risk of bias in the trials. A total of 22 trials were included in the review, with most studies showing a high risk of attrition bias. Among them, seven were conducted in the United States, 13 in Europe, and 2 in Asia, all involving adult participants aged 18 years or older. Nutritional labeling (n = 11), increased product accessibility (n = 5), framing effects (n = 4), and priming nudges (n = 1) were each associated with improvements in dietary quality. In particular, combined nudging strategies, especially the combination of labeling and availability enhancement (n = 5), demonstrated stronger effects than single nudges. The effectiveness of digital nudging interventions was also influenced by factors such as individuals' dietary preferences, contextual settings, and socioeconomic status. Digital nudging, particularly with nutritional labels and increasing accessibility of products, showed the most consistent positive effects, improving food choice and dietary intake. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO under the number CRD42024560677.

We test the notion that nudges can encourage healthier food choices while avoiding psychological reactance in a laboratory experiment. We attempt to replicate a well‐known nudge intended to reduce snack food consumption. Our study consists of four treatments, with the first two used for replication. In an additional condition, participants learn the purpose of the nudge and show signs of classical reactance. A final condition tests the commercial feasibility of the nudge, gauging participant interest in a nudged product. A majority prefer a nudged product, though the nudge fails in this transparent context, raising questions about the effectiveness of nudges in commercial contexts.

Patients using healthcare services have substantial privacy concerns when writing online reviews of their physicians that may deter them from sharing information potentially helpful for others. This gives rise to a dilemma in which patients have to trade off between privacy and social welfare, leading to fewer and less informative reviews. To examine this trade off, we study how nudging strategies together with privacy control affect reviewers’ decisions related to the provision of reviews, disclosure of sensitive information, and identity revelation. We conducted a large-scale two-stage field experiment, complemented by lab experiments, to establish causality. Results reveal that nudging with an open appeal, compared to nudging with targeted benefits, increases the likelihood of patients submitting reviews. However, nudges that highlight benefits to self increase the proportion of patients revealing sensitive medical information in their reviews and the likelihood of them revealing their identity. Additionally, preemptive privacy control increases the likelihood of identity revelation without adversely impacting the sharing of sensitive information in reviews. Our findings highlight how nudging and privacy control influence patients’ review provision behavior. This study offers strategic implications for online platforms navigating the complex interplay of consumer motivations and privacy concerns in healthcare.

W illiam Wager Cooper was born on July 23, 1914 in Birmingham, Alabama, where his father was a bookkeeper and later a distributor for Anheuser-Busch. Bill’s family moved to Chicago when he was three years old. His father owned a chain of gasoline stations, but lost them during the Great Depression. With his father in ill health and no family revenue, Bill left high school after his sophomore year to work at whatever jobs he could find. These included spotting pins in bowling alleys, caddying at golf courses, and even professional boxing, where his record was 58 wins, 3 losses, and 2 draws. While hitchhiking to the golf course one day, Bill met Eric L. Kohler, a principal with Arthur Andersen & Co., who became his life-long mentor. Kohler loaned him money to enroll as a non-degree student at The University of Chicago. Bill liked the academic atmosphere and took the college entrance examinations, intending to become a physical chemist. During his studies, Kohler asked him to review the mathematics used in a patent infringement suit. After Cooper found errors in the mathematics used by the plaintiff’s engineers, Andersen hired him part time during the school year and full time in the summer. This awakened Cooper’s interest in accounting, and he switched his major to economics. While at Chicago, Bill became good friends with a political science student, Herbert A. Simon. Cooper graduated Phi Beta Kappa with his A.B. in 1938.