Abstract
No matter your experience level or budget, there is a great ski goggle waiting to be found.Goggles are an essential part of skiing or snowboarding gear to protect your eyes from harsh environmental elements and injury. In the ski goggles manufacturing industry, defects, especially on the lens surface, are unavoidable. However, defect detection and classification by visual inspection in the manufacturing process is very difficult. To overcome this problem, a novel framework based on machine vision is presented, named as the ski goggles lens defect detection, with five high-resolution cameras and custom-made lighting field to achieve a high-quality ski goggles lens image. Next, the defects on the lens of ski goggles are detected by using parallel projection in opposite directions based on adaptive energy analysis. Before being put into the classification system, the defect images are enhanced by an adaptive method based on the high-order singular value decomposition (HOSVD). Finally, dust and five types of defect images are classified into six types, i.e., dust, spotlight (type 1, type 2, type 3), string, and watermark, by using the developed classification algorithm. The defect detection and classification results of the ski goggles lens are compared to the standard quality of the manufacturer. Experiments using 120 ski goggles lens samples collected from the largest manufacturer in Taiwan are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed framework. The accurate defect detection rate is 100% and the classification accuracy rate is 99.3%, while the total running time is short. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is sound and useful for ski goggles lens inspection in industries.
Highlights
Ski goggles, or snow goggles, are essential for winter sporting activities like skiing and snowboarding
Rose-tinted lenses are best for a snowy conditions; orange, gold, blue, gray tinted lenses are best for sunny conditions; and amber lenses are best for low to medium light conditions. Another solution to harsh weather conditions is to have a photochromic lens, or polarized lenses. These ski goggles are extremely useful in improving vision, and make the defect inspection process by automatic optical inspection (AOI) system more difficult
To overcome the above challenges, we propose a novel framework based on machine vision, named ski goggles lens defect detection and classification system for real-time inspection and classification
Summary
Snow goggles, are essential for winter sporting activities like skiing and snowboarding. Another solution to harsh weather conditions is to have a photochromic lens, or polarized lenses These ski goggles are extremely useful in improving vision, and make the defect inspection process by automatic optical inspection (AOI) system more difficult. Designing a lighting source for an image acquisition system that satisfies all types of ski goggles lenses is a challenge; Sensors2019, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW them hazards such as tree limbs and fallen branches. High-quality ski goggles lens images mean high-resolution and larger sizes, so the algorithms for all have an important role in improving your vision, protecting your eyes, and keeping you defect detection and classification need efficiency to reduce time in the production chain; comfortable. Besides the light source setting, the distances among light sources, camera with a lens, and test samples were examined to design an image acquisition system
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