Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, and has spread into Madagascar, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) of the family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus causes hemorrhagic fever, neurological disorders or blindness in humans, and high rate abortion and fetal malformation in ruminants. RVFV is classified as a Category A Priority pathogen and overlap select agent by CDC/USDA due to its potential impact on public health and agriculture. There is a gap in the safety and immunogenicity in traditional RVF vaccines; the formalin-inactivated RVFV vaccine TSI-GSD-200 requires three doses for protection, and the live-attenuated Smithburn vaccine has a risk to cause abortion and fetal malformation in pregnant ruminants. In this review, problems of traditional vaccines and the safety and efficacy of recently reported novel RVF candidate vaccines including subunit vaccines, virus vector, and replicons are discussed.
Highlights
Reviewed by: Torsten Eckstein, Colorado State University, USA Elizabeth B
There is a gap in the safety and immunogenicity in traditional Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccines; the formalin-inactivated Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) vaccine The formalin-inactivated Salk Institute-Government Services Division (TSI-GSD)-200 requires three doses for protection, and the live-attenuated Smithburn vaccine has a risk to cause abortion and fetal malformation in pregnant ruminants
RVFV is classified as a Category A Priority Pathogen by NIAID/NIH, and overlap select agent by US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Agriculture (USDA)
Summary
Reviewed by: Torsten Eckstein, Colorado State University, USA Elizabeth B. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) of the family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus causes hemorrhagic fever, neurological disorders or blindness in humans, and high rate abortion and fetal malformation in ruminants. TRADITIONAL STRATEGIES There is a gap between safety and immunogenicity for RVF vaccine development; (1) live-attenuated vaccines are immunogenic and induce protective immunity by a single dose while lacking safety due to a potential of reversion to virulence or spread into environment, (2) formalin-inactivated vaccines are safe in animals and humans, while lacking immunogenicity to induce sufficient neutralizing antibody by a single dose. Lihoradova et al showed that a recombinant MP-12 lacking NSs is highly efficacious and useful for DIVA in a mouse model (Lihoradova et al, 2012) The efficacy of those improved MP-12 in ruminants and non-human primates are yet to be determined. Clone 13 was safe in ewes at 15, 50, and 100 days
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