Abstract

AbstractFollowing the obligatory base element, more than half non-interrogative noun markers, verb markers (and nominal demonstratives) have a further optional element, which we term an ancillary. There are almost a score of ancillaries which group into three systems: one relates to short, medium, or long distance, up and down in relation to hill or river, another just to up, down, and in front, a third to north, south, and west. There is instructive variation, with the northmost dialects lacking the distance specification in the first system. A fascinating feature is that verbs of motion in the Jalnguy avoidance style are verbalisations of ancillaries from the first system.

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