Northeast Asia and China’s Pursuit of Greatness

Abstract. An accurate paddy rice map is crucial for ensuring food security, particularly for Southeast and Northeast Asia. MODIS satellite data are useful for mapping paddy rice at continental scales but have a mixed-pixel problem caused by the coarse spatial resolution. To reduce the mixed pixels, we designed a rule-based method for mapping paddy rice by integrating time series Sentinel-1 and MODIS data. We demonstrated the method by generating annual paddy rice maps for Southeast and Northeast Asia in 2017–2019 (NESEA-Rice10). We compared the resultant paddy rice maps with available agricultural statistics at subnational levels and existing rice maps for some countries. The results demonstrated that the linear coefficient of determination (R2) between our paddy rice maps and agricultural statistics ranged from 0.80 to 0.97. The paddy rice planting areas in 2017 were spatially consistent with the existing maps in Vietnam (R2=0.93) and Northeast China (R2=0.99). The spatial distribution of the 2017–2019 composite paddy rice map was consistent with that of the rice map from the International Rice Research Institute. The paddy rice planting area may have been underestimated in the region in which the flooding signal was not strong. The dataset is useful for water resource management, rice growth, and yield monitoring. The full product is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5645344 (Han et al., 2021a). Small examples can be found from the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.17632/cnc3tkbwcm.1 (Han et al., 2021b).

Biomass burning (BB), such as from agricultural crop residues, releases large amounts of air pollutants (e.g., PM2.5) lead to various human respiratory and general health problems when inhaled. In this chapter, we address the impacts of BB on the regional and long-range transport of PM2.5 in Northeast Asia, resulting from an intense in-field BB event in Northeast China during the autumn of 2014. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to conduct air quality simulations in 2014 over Northeast Asia. In the baseline simulation (Base), field BB emissions were derived from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) v4.1s for 2014. The model reasonably captured the monthly mean PM2.5 mass concentrations. However, it underestimated concentrations in October, especially in Northeast China, where an intense agricultural waste burning occurred. Additional simulation with boosted BB emissions from agricultural waste burning (GFED_agri15) was attempted to address the underestimation of PM2.5 in Northeast China. The model performance in the GFED_agri15 case improved substantially and showed smaller biases and higher indices of agreement between simulated and observed values compared to the Base case. Also, to evaluate long-range transport of PM2.5 from BB sources in China toward Japan, CMAQ with Brute-Force method (CMAQ/BFM)-estimated BB contributions for the Base and GFED_agri15 cases were compared with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF)-estimated BB contributions at the Noto Peninsula in Japan. The CMAQ/BFM-estimated contributions in the GFED_agri15 case were in greater agreement with the PMF-estimated contributions. Consequently, boosted BB emission (GFED_agri15) is preferable for simulating air quality in Northeast Asia, which could be deeply impacted from agricultural waste burning.

Northeast China cold vortex is the key factor influencing the high-impact agroclimatic events in Northeast China

The Department of East Asian Studies at the University of Vienna was established on January l, 2000 by merging the Institutes of Sinology and Japanese Studies. Initially comprising the pillars Sinology, Japanese, and Korean Studies, the fourth pillar, the Chair of East Asian Economy and Society (EcoS), was established in 2007. The first Head of Department was Erich Pilz (2000-2001), followed by Sepp Linhart (2001-2012), both leading researchers on Japanese history, society, and culture. The current head is Rudiger Frank (since 2012), specialized in East Asian politics and economics, in ge- neral and North Korea, in particular. In addition to six professors, the Department of East Asian Studies currently has a staff of about 50 permanent and temporary researchers and lecturers (Institut fur Ostasienwissenschaften der Universitat Wien, 2001-2013).In addition to language courses, the disciplines Sinology, Japanology, and Koreanol- ogy offer strong social and cultural science studies. EcoS focuses on current political, security, and economic relations in East Asia and the respective national political and economic systems. The Department of East Asian Studies applies a broad area defini- tion of East Asia by incorporating North-East and South-East Asia. In this context, South-East Asia, in particular the role of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in promoting East Asian regionalism, has always figured prominently in the respective EcoS courses. Yet, in order to demonstrate the growing international rel- evance of this region, it has been a strategic aim of Rudiger Frank to institutionalize South-East Asian Studies at the EcoS Department to complement its range. In Octo- ber 2013, the position of a university assistant at the postdoc level was created. Two university assistants (praedoc) and one study assistant, concentrating on North-East Asia, complete the EcoS team. Overall, the teaching and research program at EcoS reflect the interconnectedness of North-East and South-East Asia. For instance, two key areas of research are state socialist systems (notably China, North Korea, and Vietnam) and climate change, the environment, and energy.Since October 2008, EcoS offers a four-semester Master of Arts (MA) as well as a PhD course on East Asian Economy and Society. Since an adaption of the curriculum in 2011, the MA is offered exclusively in English, and South-East Asia features explic- itly as an area of research in addition to the North-East Asian countries China, Japan, and the two Koreas. The Master course promotes the inter- and transdisciplinary comparative analysis of international relations and of domestic politics and econom- ics in the region in the twentieth and twenty-first century. In their Master thesis, students have to compare specific topics in at least two countries, either in North- or South-East Asia. The program provides students with a broad range of possibilities to specialize in topics of their choice. In addition, students have to acquire basic lan- guage skills in an East Asian language, particularly in Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. An admission requirement is a Bachelor or an equivalent college or university degree; eligible majors are, for instance, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese Studies, (Internation- al) Business Studies, or Political Science. The five core modules are Contemporary East Asian Language, East Asian Economy, East Asian Politics, East Asian Society and Research, and Master's Colloquium.Due to the popularity of the program in other European but also East Asian coun- tries, student numbers have far exceeded the initial planning for 25 students per study year (217 Master students in the summer term 2013). Due to the shortage in staff, room, and teaching resources, the rectorate decided to introduce admission re- quirements, starting with winter term 2013/2014. Since then, students have to apply for admission to EcoS; inter alia, they have to submit a demanding letter of motiva- tion, detailing their research interests and goals after graduation. …

The Northeast Asian (NEA) power structure demonstrates a weakening unipolarity of the United States (U.S.), which will evolve into a power structure with “multilateral co-opetition of two superpowers (China and the U.S.) and three regional great powers (Russia, Japan, and South Korea)” during the 2020s. In the context of this shifting power structure, the other fi ve NEA states will adjust their diplomatic policies. Japan, Russia, and South Korea, which occupy the second tier of the NEA power structure, will pursue regional great power diplomacy and regional interests. Russia will maintain a careful balance with China and the U.S., and will use investments from the other NEA states pragmatically to develop its Far East region. Japan will seek to maximize its security guarantees from the U.S. while actively obtaining economic benefi ts from China, and will try to remain fl exible in terms of its NEA strategic choice. South Korea will implement the so-called “two superpowers diplomacy” in relation to the U.S. and China in order to enhance its strategic autonomy. With relatively weak national power, North Korea and Mongolia occupy the third tier of the NEA power structure, and they will try to ensure the survival of their respective regimes and promote national security. China’s strategic choices for NEA in the next decade are likely to include fi ve aspects: 1) to avoid a “new Cold War” and achieve a strategic balance with the U.S.; 2) to maintain friendly and close strategic ties with Russia; 3) to actively promote economic cooperation with the other NEA countries; 4) to promote the establishment of a regional security mechanism in the future that includes all the NEA states, for example, a “Northeast Asia Peace and Cooperation Organization” (NEAPCO); and 5) to construct a collective NEA identity.

Northeast Asia as defined in this study includes the Russian Far East, Northeast China, the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, and Hokkaido Island (Japan). We determined the species richness of Northeast Asia at various spatial scales, analyzed the floristic relationships among geographic regions within Northeast Asia, and compared the flora of Northeast Asia with surrounding floras. The flora of Northeast Asia consists of 971 genera and 4953 species of native vascular plants. Based on their worldwide distributions, the 971 genera were grouped into fourteen phytogeographic elements. Over 900 species of vascular plants are endemic to Northeast Asia. Northeast Asia shares 39% of its species with eastern Siberia-Mongolia, 24% with Europe, 16.2% with western North America, and 12.4% with eastern North America. Species richness and floristic relationships among different regions within Northeast Asia were discussed. The northernmost (Arctic) region shares 64% of its genera and 9% of its species with the southernmost (warm temperate) region. The geographic setting, climate, vegetation, and endemism of each of the eighteen regions of Northeast Asia were described and characterized. The geographic distributions of the 53 most important tree species in Northeast Asia were mapped.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 东北亚地区鼩鼱科动物分子生态学研究进展 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201807251594 作者: 作者单位: 牡丹江师范学院生命科学与技术学院;牡丹江师范学院生命科学与技术学院;牡丹江师范学院生命科学与技术学院,东北林业大学野生动物资源学院 哈尔滨;牡丹江师范学院生命科学与技术学院,东北林业大学野生动物资源学院 哈尔滨;牡丹江师范学院生命科学与技术学院;牡丹江师范学院生命科学与技术学院;牡丹江师范学院生命科学与技术学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 黑龙江省教育厅备案项目（1354ZD004，1354PT005，1354PT006）；黑龙江省自然基金项目（C2017065）；牡丹江师范学院项目（PT2018007） Current progress and prospects in the molecular ecology of Soricidae in Northeast Asia Author: Affiliation: College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:在东北亚地区（中国的东北地区和内蒙古东北部、日本、朝鲜半岛、蒙古国、俄罗斯的远东地区）具有较为丰富的鼩鼱科类群。分子生物学方法的快速发展，使东北亚地区鼩鼱科动物分子生态学研究不断深入。对鼩鼱科动物的分子系统发育、遗传多样性和分子系统地理学等分子生态学内容进行了综述。提出鼩鼱科动物分子生态学研究未来的发展：1）东北亚地区第四纪冰期避难所的研究；2）同域分布的鼩鼱科动物比较系统地理学研究；3）中国东北地区鼩鼱科动物在东北亚分布区的系统地理学地位；4）新型分子标记和分析方法的发展。 Abstract:In Northeast Asia (Northeast China and the northeast of Inner Mongolia, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Mongolia, and the Russian Far East), there are a wealth of species in the family Soricidae. In Northeast Asia, studies on the molecular ecology of the Soricidae have increased rapidly along with on going advances in molecular biology methods. In this study, we review the molecular phylogeny, genetic diversity, and molecular phylogeography of the Soricidae. Four expectations regarding future developments in the molecular ecology of Soricidae are proposed in this paper:(1) the study of Quaternary glacial refugia in Northeast Asia; (2) study of the comparative phylogeography of Soricidae distributed in the same region; (3) the phylogeographical status of Soricidae in Northeast Asia and Northeast China; and (4) the development of new molecular markers and new analytical methods. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

As a component of the MAP project, the study of the flora in Northeast Asia (comprising Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Northeast China, and Mongolia) convincingly underscores the indispensability of precise and comprehensive diversity data for flora research. Due to variations in the description of flora across different countries in Northeast Asia, it is essential to update our understanding of the region's overall flora using the latest high-quality diversity data. This study employed the most recently published authoritative data from various countries to conduct a statistical analysis of 225 families, 1782 genera, and 10,514 native vascular species and infraspecific taxa in Northeast Asia. Furthermore, species distribution data were incorporated to delineate three gradients in the overall distribution pattern of plant diversity in Northeast Asia. Specifically, Japan (excluding Hokkaido) emerged as the most prolific hotspot for species, followed by the Korean Peninsula and the coastal areas of Northeast China as the second richest hotspots. Conversely, Hokkaido, inland Northeast China, and Mongolia constituted species barren spots. The formation of the diversity gradients is primarily attributed to the effects of latitude and continental gradients, with altitude and topographic factors within the gradients modulating the distribution of species.

Northeast Asia is one of world's major economic and energy consumption centers. Countries in this region are undergoing rapid economic and social development, and energy security and greenhouse gas emission reduction have become prominent issues. In this region, clean energy resources including hydro, wind, and solar are concentrated in Russia, Mongolia, and Northeast China, whilst electricity load centers are in East China, Korea and Japan. Currently, an energy and electricity model has been developed to project electricity demand through 2030 for each country. Based on the idea of a Global Energy Interconnection, this article proposes to establish a Northeast Asia Grid Interconnection (NEAG), connecting Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan, and Russia with large volumes of transmission lines, in an effort to facilitate optimized resource allocation. The NEAG would be accomplished step by step along with identification of key interconnectors. China is set to play an important role in establishing the NEAG by providing a strong sending grid and necessary technological equipment. Tremendous economic, environmental, and social benefits are expected to be generated by the NEAG.

This study investigates the interannual variation of summer surface air temperature over Northeast Asia (NEA) and its associated circulation anomalies. Two leading modes for the temperature variability over NEA are obtained by EOF analysis. The first EOF mode is characterized by a homogeneous temperature anomaly over NEA and therefore is called the NEA mode. This anomaly extends from southeast of Lake Baikal to Japan, with a central area in Northeast China. The second EOF mode is characterized by a seesaw pattern, showing a contrasting distribution between East Asia (specifically including the Changbai Mountains in Northeast China, Korea, and Japan) and north of this region. This mode is named the East Asia (EA) mode. Both modes contribute equivalently to the temperature variability in EA. The two leading modes are associated with different circulation anomalies. A warm NEA mode is associated with a positive geopotential height anomaly over NEA and thus a weakened upper-tropospheric westerly jet. On the other hand, a warm EA mode is related to a positive height anomaly over EA and a northward displaced jet. In addition, the NEA mode tends to be related to the Eurasian teleconnection pattern, while the EA mode is associated with the East Asia-Pacific/Pacific-Japan pattern.

Hindcasts during 1991–2010 are analysed to investigate the forecast skills for summer precipitation in northeast China (NEC) and circulations in northeast Asia with a leading time of 1‐month in three operational climate models and their equally weighted mean. It is found that the precipitation prediction ability of all the models and their combinations are much low in NEC. However, both the single model and their averages can well reproduce the basic summer circulation characteristics over Northeast Asia, especially the northeast China cold vortex (NECV) that directly affects precipitation in NEC. Observed precipitation is significantly correlated with the forecasted vorticities in each model and their combinations, particularly in the ensemble mean of the models (MME). Furthermore, the interannual variability of the NECV in MME agrees well with the observations. Linear regression between the simulated NECV and the precipitation in NEC is established for each model and their averages. The root‐mean‐square errors (RMSEs) of precipitation forecast from the regression of NECV are much lower than the direct outputs in above models, while the correlation coefficients (CCs) are much higher. The CC between observation and forecasts by the regression method based on the NECV in MME is the highest (0.5), closest to the value of 0.58 in observation, and the RMSE is the smallest (0.54), decreased by 13% compared with MME direct outputs. The cross‐validation during the 20 years can provide better prediction skills with a CC of 0.37, higher than that for the single‐model outputs, the averages of random two models and the MME. Independent forecasts also provide higher prediction skills than the official forecast of China Meteorological Administration in 4 years during 2013–2018, especially the extreme flood summer of 2013. The results indicate it might be a feasible approach to improve the prediction skill of summer precipitation in NEC.

Although northern Asia's temperature was the fourth highest on record, Northeast Asia was severely damaged agricultural and marine products due to the cold condition in April 2020. Previous studies have shown that the dipole atmospheric circulation over Siberia and the East Sea (also referred to as the Japan Sea) rendered this cold environment. Here we show that the atmospheric structure affecting the cold condition over northeast Asia was a mixed result of the East Atlantic/Western Russia (EAWR) pattern and blocking. The wave train was originated from the vorticity forcing of northwest/central Russia and propagated toward the southeast via the climatologically westerly and northerly flows. Furthermore, the blocking days over Siberia increased approximately ten times in April 2020 than climatology along with the easterly anomaly over Mongolia–northeast China. The blocking occurrence might be connected to wavy westerly at the high latitudes. The strong blocking and EAWR pattern led to the robust dipole atmospheric structure with the prevailing northerly wind in April 2020, thereby causing the cold over northeast Asia. Our results help to understand the cause of the cold condition in April over northeast Asia and its impact on the land and ocean ecosystems.

Stagnant slab front within the mantle transition zone controls the formation of Cenozoic intracontinental high-Mg andesites in northeast Asia

The cut-off lows (COLs) during the period from June to August 1998 leading to the record flood in Northeast Asia, especially in Northeast China, has been investigated in this paper. The results are as follows: the blocking highs benefited significantly the formation and maintenance of COLs over Northeast China; an obvious frontogenesis zone existed in Northeast China and it implies that baroclinity played an important role in the initiation of COLs, especially in middle and upper troposphere; the maxima of the potential vorticity anomaly were located in the upper troposphere, then extended downwards to the middle and the lower troposphere. The pronounced interaction between systems in upper-middle and low troposphere can be revealed; the moisture supply was from South China, and even from East China Sea and South China Sea. The strong southerly current transported very rich moisture to Northeast China. The maximum of the convergence of moisture flux was below 850 hPa. Obvious interaction between the middle and lower latitude systems was found in the study. Also, the summer monsoon showed significant impacts on the sustained heavy rainfalls related with the COLs over Northeast China; the upward motion could be caused by the lifting of the large scale dynamic forcing and there was no obvious releasing of latent heating in the upper-middle troposphere. The cold dome in the COLs was quite different both from the warm core in tropical cyclone and from the weaker warm core in Meiyu (Baiu) front low. The calculation of vorticity budget shows that both the horizontal advection term and horizontal divergence term contributed importantly to the maintenance and the strengthening of positive relative vorticity. Finally, the complex dynamical characteristics regarding the COLs are discussed and further investigation is proposed.

Cenozoic basalts are widespread in northeast Asia, and their origins have been accepted as the products of different mantle end‐members. A combined study of elemental and isotopic geochemistry was carried out on Miocene basalt from the Shuangyashan Basin (Northeast China) to investigate the contributions of the various mantle end‐members. The Shuangyashan basalts are alkali trachybasalt (SiO2 = 49.8–50.8 wt%, Na2O + K2O = 5.45–6.09 wt%) in composition, with micro‐porphyritic texture. The phenocryst is euhedral olivine, and the matrix is composed of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, olivine, and ilmenite. The basalt shows slightly high MgO (6.80–7.22 wt%), Mg# (Mg2+ × 100/(Mg2+ + Fe2+), 63.0–64.8), and Ti/Y ratios (515–597) as well as extremely low Rb/Ba (0.08–0.10), Rb/Sr (0.04–0.06), and La/Nb (0.57–0.62) ratios. The elemental and isotopic geochemistry indicates that the basalt has experienced no or negligible crustal contamination. The small variations in basalt composition are controlled by fractional crystallization of olivine and clinopyroxene. The Sr (initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70507–0.70516), Nd (εNd(t) = 4.13–4.33), and Hf (εHf(t) = 9.24–12.1) isotopes show that the basalt has been affected by the EM2 (enriched mantle 2) in spinel peridotite lithospheric mantle. Meanwhile, the basalt shows relatively high REE fractionation (La/Yb = 14.9–16.6), suggesting it may be generated from the garnet peridotite. Therefore, the basalt could be originated from garnet peridotite in the lowest lithospheric mantle or asthenosphere and overprinted by the lithospheric EM2. Based on the compiled data from the literature, Sr–Nd isotope and trace element composition of the basalts from western northeast China, eastern northeast China, and Japanese islands are different from each other. Basalts from western northeast China are characterized by low 143Nd/144Nd, high 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and extremely high La/Yb ratio (mean is about 71), indicating that their origin is an EM1 (enriched mantle 1) in garnet‐bearing mantle. Basalts from eastern northeast China and Japanese islands show large variation of La/Yb ratios (1.2–34), showing that both have contributions from spinel and garnet peridotites. In eastern northeast China, basalts exhibit a roughly negative correlation between 87Sr/86Sr and La/Yb ratios. It is speculated that the asthenospheric mantle there is dominated by DM while the lithospheric mantle contains not only DM but also EM1 and EM2. In Japanese islands, (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios of basalts vary more greatly at low La/Yb (<10) than at high La/Yb ratios (>20), and high (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios (>0.7045) can only be observed at high La/Yb ratios (>20). Both the spinel and garnet peridotite mantle beneath Japanese islands have been significantly metasomatized by the subduction‐related fluid/melt.