Abstract
Studies of Japan’s foreign aid policy have contended, among other things, that Japan’s aid is a response to international pressure to contribute more to international order; that Japan’s aid policy is an instrument or tool of its foreign economic policies; and that it is a function of domestic bureaucratic politics. The influence of norms1 has been mainly considered from the perspective of outside pressure on Japan to conform to or comply with international (namely Western) expectations and standards regarding official development assistance (ODA) effort and quality. Attention has focused on the gap between these standards and expectations on one hand and Japan’s aid profile and policies on the other.2
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