Normal Saline versus Distilled Water as Urinary Catheter Inflation Fluid: A Randomized, Double-blind Comparison of Catheter-related Morbidities

Please confirm that an ethics committee approval has been applied for or granted: Not relevantBackground and AimsLocal anesthetics (LAs) are commonly prepared in acidic solutions for stability. Alkalinization with sodium...

Objective: To compare effectiveness of normal saline, aquades and mineral water as an irrigation solution on post-operative pain, swelling and trismus after odontectomy of impacted mandibular third molar.
 Material and Methods: This study is a clinical experimental study using a post-test only control group design study design. Measurement of pain, trismus and swelling was checked on the third and seventh days after odontectomy. The number of patients studied was 33 people which 11 people used normal saline solution, 11 people used distilled water solution and 11 people used mineral water solution.
 Results: Was statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA test. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) in effectiveness of normal saline, aquades and mineral water solutions as irrigation solutions to pain, trismus and swelling on the third and seventh days after odontectomy. However, on the third day after the odontectomy, irrigating of normal saline solution showed lower levels of pain, trismus and swelling compared to other irrigation solutions. 
 Conclusion: Normal saline solution can promote oral wound healing and stimulates cell migration

The Limestone reef reservoir at Swan Hills consists essentially of a buildup of successively smaller atoll-like layers. Precipitation of calcium carbonate within the lagoonal area of each layer essentially kept pace with growth of the outer organic lattice. Within the reef mass, six depositional environments characterized by specific suites of fossils (or fossil fragments) and associated limestone textures are recognized as follows. 1. Aerated moderately agitated water of normal marine salinity (widespread shelf or submerged reef-built platform). Thamnopora-type corals, Amphipora, stromatoporoids, crinoids, articulate brachiopods, rare rugose cup corals, and ostracods occur in light gray-buff skeletal microgranular limestone of low permeability. 2. Semi-stagnant quiet water of normal marine salinity (leeward side of reef). Crinoids, articulate brachiopods, rare thamnopora-type corals, Amphipora, pancake and bulbous stromatoporoids, rugose cup corals, ostracods, and gastropods occur in impermeable dark brown argillaceous skeletal calcilutite with thin black bituminous shale beds and rare dark chert nodules. 3. Aerated highly agitated water of normal marine salinity (organic lattice). Light buff stromatoporoid bulbs and Amphipora, rare thamnopora-type corals, rugose cup corals, crinoids, and articulate brachiopods form permeable patch reefs and interbedded skeletal calcirudites. 4. Semi-stagnant quiet marine water of slightly increased salinity (partly restricted shelf). Dark gray biostromal buildups of stromatoporoid bulbs and minor Amphipora occur in impermeable black shaly matrix. 5. Aerated, quiet to highly agitated marine water of increased salinity (mud flats, tidal channels, and shoals within atoll-lagoon). Amphipora, rare ostracods and gastropods occur in light buff impermeable to highly permeable precipitated limestone (lithographic, microgranular, pseudo-oolitic, and intra-formational conglomerate). 6. Semi-stagnant quiet marine water of increased salinity (deeper protected pools in atoll-lagoon). Amphipora, rare stromatoporoid bulbs and ostracods occur in impermeable dark brown slightly argillaceous calcilutite of precipitated origin. Mapping of these environments is of great value in outlining field extensions and evaluation of acreage during development drilling. Use of these techniques, in addition to contruction of isopach maps of critical intervals, should also be highly effective in exploration for undiscovered reef oil and gas fields. End_of_Article - Last_Page 265------------

We compared the effects of distilled water and normal saline as diluents for the endobronchial administration of epinephrine in anesthetized dogs by using a cross-over design. Six dogs received 2 mL of either normal saline or distilled water into the bronchus, and the other solution was administered 1 wk later. Eight dogs received 0.02 mg/kg epinephrine diluted in either distilled water (E + water) or normal saline (E + saline) to a total volume of 2 mL into the bronchus, and the other solution was administered 1 wk later. Normal saline or distilled water without epinephrine did not affect the plasma epinephrine concentration, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and PaO(2). The peak plasma epinephrine concentration was significantly larger after treatment with E + water (26.5 +/- 7.9 ng/mL) than after E + saline (2.1 +/- 0.7 ng/mL). E + water caused an increase in MAP of 91 +/- 24 mm Hg, whereas E + saline did not affect MAP. The maximal decrease in PaO(2) after the administration of E + water (14 +/- 5 mm Hg) was significantly greater than after E + saline (7 +/- 2 mm Hg). In conclusion, distilled water as the diluent for endobronchially administered epinephrine to a total volume of 2 mL allowed better absorption of epinephrine compared with normal saline without a serious detrimental effect on PaO(2). Using a small volume of distilled water as the diluent for endobronchial epinephrine administration significantly increased epinephrine absorption and arterial pressure in comparison with normal saline, without having a serious detrimental effect on PaO(2), in an anesthetized, noncardiopulmonary, resuscitation dog model.

We compared the effects of distilled water and normal saline as diluents for the endobronchial administration of epinephrine in anesthetized dogs by using a cross-over design. Six dogs received 2 mL of either normal saline or distilled water into the bronchus, and the other solution was administered 1 wk later. Eight dogs received 0.02 mg/kg epinephrine diluted in either distilled water (E + water) or normal saline (E + saline) to a total volume of 2 mL into the bronchus, and the other solution was administered 1 wk later. Normal saline or distilled water without epinephrine did not affect the plasma epinephrine concentration, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and Pao2. The peak plasma epinephrine concentration was significantly larger after treatment with E + water (26.5 ± 7.9 ng/mL) than after E + saline (2.1 ± 0.7 ng/mL). E + water caused an increase in MAP of 91 ± 24 mm Hg, whereas E + saline did not affect MAP. The maximal decrease in Pao2 after the administration of E + water (14 ± 5 mm Hg) was significantly greater than after E + saline (7 ± 2 mm Hg). In conclusion, distilled water as the diluent for endobronchially administered epinephrine to a total volume of 2 mL allowed better absorption of epinephrine compared with normal saline without a serious detrimental effect on Pao2. Implications Using a small volume of distilled water as the diluent for endobronchial epinephrine administration significantly increased epinephrine absorption and arterial pressure in comparison with normal saline, without having a serious detrimental effect on Pao2, in an anesthetized, noncardiopulmonary, resuscitation dog model.

Irrigation after Laparoscopic Power Morcellation and the Dispersal of Leiomyoma Cells: A Pilot Study

The occurrence of Manayunkia aestuarina (Bourne) and Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel (Polychaeta) in non-brackish localities in Britain

Normal saline is often preferred to isolate parasites from vegetables and other sources but distilled water is rarely used for this purpose. So in order to know the difference between ability of normal saline and distilled water to isolate the parasites, 64 samples of six types of fresh vegetables from Nassiriyah city and also the same number and types (64 samples of six types of fresh vegetables) from Suq - AL- Shuyukh city were examined by using sedimentation method with normal saline one time and distilled water in other times. Where these vegetables types are Garden Cress, Leek, Radish, Lettuce, Celery and Basil). In addition to additional samples of the most contamination vegetable were subjected to several ways of cleaning to find out what is the best way to get rid of these parasites. Four hundred forty one of patients of hospitals in Nassiriyah and Suq - AL- Shuyukh cities who infected with parasites were re-examined to know the most existence parasites. The results showed a convergence between the proportions of some parasites isolated by normal saline and parasites isolated by distilled water where percentage of Giardia lamblia was 70.3% using normal saline and 71.9% using distilled water.

Effects of normal saline and selenium-enriched hot spring water on experimentally induced rhinosinusitis in rats

The tenacity of three low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (AIV; subtypes H4N6, H5N1, and H6N8) was tested at five different temperatures (-10, 0, 10, 20, and 30 C) in distilled water, normal saline, and surface water obtained from Lake Constance. Infectivity of AIV in the samples was quantified at regular intervals by end point titration on Madin-Darby canine kidney cells for a maximum period of 36 wk, and duplicate samples were tested each time. The results showed that the survival time of AIV in all of the water types was inversely proportional to storage temperature. All three viruses showed varying sensitivity to inactivation under each of the experimental conditions. Persistence of the viruses was the longest in distilled water, second longest in normal saline, and shortest in surface water. The virus-inoculated surface water remained infective for a few days at 30 and 20 C, a few weeks at 10 C, and for months at 0 and -10 C.

We sought to determine the dissemination of gastric cancer cells before and after radical D2 surgery and to determine the effectiveness of EIPL in preventing post-operative peritoneal metastasis. 64 patients were recruited with advanced gastric cancer for our final analysis. Complete curative gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy was performed on the 64 patients. Before surgery, peritoneal lavage fluid was collected for cytological analysis by cell smearing and immunohistochemistry to detect disseminated cancer cells (S1). Following tumor and lymph node resection, peritoneal lavage fluid was collected for cytological examination (S2). The patients were treated by extensive intra-operative peritoneal lavage (EIPL) with normal saline (n = 31) or distilled water (n = 33). The peritoneal lavage fluid was collected for cytological examination (S3). At S1 stage, 18 patients (28.1%) were positive for disseminated cancer cells in their abdominal fluid. After D2 lymphadenectomy, 34 patients (53.1%) had disseminated cancer cells in their abdominal fluid at stage S2, which indicated that the D2 lymphadenectomy caused in an additional 16 (16/46, 34.8%) patients positive for disseminated cancer cells. After EIPL with either normal saline or distilled water at the S3 stage), all the patients were negative for disseminated cancer cells in their abdominal fluid. A total of six patients died, and four patients had recurrencent cancer. These findings indicate that D2 lymphadenectomy can disseminate gastric cancer cells, and post-operative lavage of the abdominal cavity can eliminate cancer cell dissemination and decrease the risk of peritoneal metastasis.

Changes in Factor VIII:C Activity over 24 Hours Depending on Diluent and Storage Conditions after Dilution

Effect of Diluent on Molecular Iodine Release from On-Site Diluted Povidone-Iodine.

This double-blind randomised controlled trial compared the effects of tap water and normal saline on the healing and infection rates of acute and chronic wounds. The trial was conducted in two metropolitan community health centres in New South Wales, Australia. Thirty-five patients with 49 acute or chronic wounds were randomised to receive wound irrigation with either normal saline or tap water. Statistical analysis demonstrated there was no significant difference between the infection and healing rates in wounds irrigated with normal saline or tap water. Although the small sample size is a limitation of this study, the researchers conclude that drinkable tap water appears to provide a safe alternative to normal saline for wound cleansing and may be preferred by some patients.

3207 Background: Because the dissolution of amifostine (Ethyol) 500 mg in 0.9% normal saline (NaCl) or sterile water for injection (SWI) for subcutaneous administration is temperature- and volume-dependent, studies were performed to evaluate amifostine dissolution using three different volumes of the two diluents at four temperatures. Methods: Amifostine 500 mg was reconstituted in 2.0, 2.5, or 2.9 mL NaCl or SWI at 15, 20, 25, and 30°C with gentle rotation in controlled water bath. Dissolution times were determined visually. Reconstituted vials were subsequently held in a water bath at 22°C for 5 hr or 4°C for 8 hr. The stability of the amifostine solution was assessed by HPLC analysis of WR-1065, the primary hydrolysis product. Results: The final volume after reconstitution of amifostine 500 mg in 2.5 mL NaCl was 2.88 ± 0.04 mL, and in 2.9 mL NaCl the final volume was 3.34 ± 0.05 mL. Mean levels of WR-1065 in 2.9 mL NaCl were 0.6% ± 0.1% after 5 hr at 22°C and 0.4% ± 0.1% after 8 hr at 4°C, well below the lot-release specification of 1.3%. Dissolution times are summarized in Table 1. Conclusions: Dissolution of amifostine for subcutaneous injection is volume- and temperature-dependent. Reconstitution of lyophilized amifostine powder (500 mg) with 2.9 mL NaCl or SWI (final volume, 3.3–3.4 mL) at 20–25° C, (68–77° F) results in complete dissolution within minutes. Reconstitution in smaller volumes such as 2.0 mL or 2.5 mL is feasible, but requires more time, and/or warmer temperature. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration MedImmune MedImmune MedImmune MedImmune