Abstract
BackgroundMilk is known to contain various nutrients that may have health benefits for postmenopausal women who are at an increased risk of cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases. We investigated the association between normal/high- and low-fat milk consumption and body composition in Japanese women aged 40 to 60 years.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used the baseline data collected in a previous study that examined the effects of a dietary supplement on a variety of health parameters in 85 Japanese women aged 40 to 60 years. Participants had been assessed for age, menopausal status, lifestyle factors, and body composition. We estimated the consumption of normal/high- and low-fat milk using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ). Normal/high- and low-fat milk intake were classified as consumer (drank milk at least twice a week) or non-consumer (drank milk at most once a week), in order to identify the parameters that were independently associated with the consumption of normal/high- and low-fat milk.ResultsOf the 85 participants who completed the BDHQ, 27 were categorized as non-consumers, 18 as exclusive low-fat milk consumers, and 29 as exclusive normal/high-fat milk consumers. 11 women who consumed both low-fat and normal/high-fat milk were excluded from the analysis. Compared with non-consumers and exclusive low-fat milk consumers, exclusive high-fat milk consumers had significantly higher lean body mass (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 39.4 ± 2.7 kg vs. 37.9 ± 2.2 kg and 37.6 ± 2.9 kg, P < 0.05) and muscle mass (mean ± SD, 37.2 ± 2.5 kg vs. 35.8 ± 2.0 kg and 35.5 ± 2.7 kg, P < 0.05). Both lean body and muscle masses were significantly correlated with vitamin D intake from milk (Pearson r = 0.29, P = 0.008, and Pearson r = 0.29, P = 0.008, respectively).ConclusionNormal/high-fat milk consumption was associated with higher lean body and muscle mass in middle-aged Japanese women presumably through high vitamin D intake.
Highlights
Milk is known to contain various nutrients that may have health benefits for postmenopausal women who are at an increased risk of cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases
Abdominal obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [5, 6], whereas low muscle mass increases the risk of falls and insulin resistance [7]
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated aP < 0.05 for unpaired t test compared with non-consumers bP < 0.05 for unpaired t test compared with exclusive low-fat milk consumers and normal/high-fat milk were excluded from the analysis
Summary
Milk is known to contain various nutrients that may have health benefits for postmenopausal women who are at an increased risk of cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases. We investigated the association between normal/high- and low-fat milk consumption and body composition in Japanese women aged 40 to 60 years. Postmenopausal women are vulnerable to cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases such as myocardial infarction, osteoporosis and sarcopenia, which are partly attributable to the changes in body composition induced by the loss of estrogen [2,3,4]. Milk is known to contain various nutrients, such as minerals, vitamins, proteins, and essential amino acids, which support osteogenesis, lipid metabolism, and myogenesis. Little is known about the association between daily milk consumption and the body composition in middle-aged women
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