Nonprofit Resilience and Adaptive Capacity: Bonding and Bridging Social Capital in Local Collaborative Networks

This thesis investigates factors contributing to bridging social capital on LinkedIn. An online social network is one that allows users to make and share contacts by way of displaying their network (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). The intention of a network such as LinkedIn, is to create professional opportunities for its participants. Here, social capital is seen as the resource embedded within the social network, and as such is conceptualized as the benefit associated with online social network participation. Bridging social capital typically exists between weakly tied colleagues, It has been said to a superior type of social capital for 'getting ahead' (Putnam, 2000). Understanding how to create opportunities to increase bridging social capital in an online environment is useful to potentially overcoming barriers that exist offline. Using the partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling, the thesis analyzes data collected from an online survey (n:167) of LinkedIn members. Driven by theory, three constructs are conceptualized as contributing to the variance in bridging social capital. Ease of sue, browsing behaviours, and bonding social capital all have a positive relationship with bridging social capital, and together explain 53.8% of this variance. These findings are then extended to explore the broader design implications they have an online social network.

<p>This thesis investigates factors contributing to bridging social capital on LinkedIn. An online social network is one that allows users to make and share contacts by way of displaying their network (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). The intention of a network such as LinkedIn, is to create professional opportunities for its participants. Here, social capital is seen as the resource embedded within the social network, and as such is conceptualized as the benefit associated with online social network participation. Bridging social capital typically exists between weakly tied colleagues, It has been said to a superior type of social capital for 'getting ahead' (Putnam, 2000). Understanding how to create opportunities to increase bridging social capital in an online environment is useful to potentially overcoming barriers that exist offline. Using the partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling, the thesis analyzes data collected from an online survey (n:167) of LinkedIn members. Driven by theory, three constructs are conceptualized as contributing to the variance in bridging social capital. Ease of sue, browsing behaviours, and bonding social capital all have a positive relationship with bridging social capital, and together explain 53.8% of this variance. These findings are then extended to explore the broader design implications they have an online social network.</p>

Social capital is an important factor explaining differences in economic growth among regions. However, the key distinction between bonding social capital, which can lead to lock-in and myopia, and bridging social capital, which promotes knowledge flows across diverse groups, has been overlooked in growth research. In this paper, we address this shortcoming by examining how bonding and bridging social capital affect regional economic growth, using data for 190 regions in 21 EU countries, covering eight waves of the European Social Survey between 2002 and 2016. The findings confirm that bridging social capital is linked to higher levels of regional economic growth. Bonding social capital is highly correlated with bridging social capital and associated with lower growth when this is controlled for. We do not find significantly different effects of bonding social capital in regions with more or less bridging social capital, or vice versa. We examine the interaction between social and human capital, finding that bridging social capital is fundamental for stimulating economic growth, especially in low-skilled regions. Human capital also moderates the relationship between bonding social capital and growth, reducing the negative externalities imposed by excessive bonding.

Educational disparities have been widely considered a key driver of disparities in dementias and cognitive aging. In this study, we ask: Is it too late for less educated older adults to engage in cognitively stimulating environments (e.g., bridging social capital in networks) to shorten their cognitive gaps with more educated older adults? Bridging social capital is defined as access to novel information and is thought to be a source of cognitive stimulation that may confer resilience to cognitive decline. Using rich cognitive assessments and egocentric network data from the state representative Person to Person Health Interview Study (P2P; N=685), we find that the associations between bridging social capital and cognitive outcomes are strongest for people with less than a high school education. Importantly, the cognitive gaps among people with different educational levels disappear among those with higher bridging social capital. One important implication of this study is that stimulating environments in later life (e.g., bridging social capital) is most effective for the population with lower distal stimulating environments (e.g., people without a high school diploma). Finally, the relationship between bridging social capital and cognitive health is discussed in the context of cumulative stimulating environments across the life course.

BackgroundTo date, only a small amount of research on bonding/bridging social capital has separately examined their effects on health though they have been thought to have differential effects on health outcomes. By using a large population-based sample of elderly Japanese people, we sought to investigate the association between bonding and bridging social capital and self-rated health for men and women separately.MethodsIn August 2010, questionnaires were sent to all residents aged ≥65 years in three municipalities in Okayama prefecture (n = 21232), and 13929 questionnaires were returned (response rate: 65.6%). Social capital was measured from survey responses to questions on participation in six different types of groups: a) the elderly club or sports/hobby/culture circle; b) alumni association; c) political campaign club; d) citizen’s group or environmental preservation activity; e) community association; and f) religious organization. Participant perception of group homogeneity (gender, age, and previous occupation) was used to divide social capital into bonding or bridging. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for poor self-rated health were calculated.ResultsA total of 11146 subjects (4441 men and 6705 women) were available for the analysis. Among men, bonding and bridging social capital were inversely associated with poor self-rated health (high bonding social capital; OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31–0.99; high bridging social capital; OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.48–0.81) after adjusting for age, educational attainment, smoking status, frequency of alcohol consumption, overweight, living arrangements, and type-D personality. The beneficial effect among women was more likely limited to bonding social capital (high bonding social capital; OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.12–1.00), and the association between bridging social capital and self-rated health was less clear (high bridging social capital; OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.44–1.07).ConclusionsBonding/bridging social capital could have differential associations with self-rated health among the Japanese elderly depending on the individual’s sex. Considering the lack of consensus on how to measure bonding and bridging social capital, however, we need to carefully assess the generalizability of our findings. Further research is warranted to identify health-relevant dimensions of social capital in different cultural or economic settings.

Orientation: Nonprofit organisations (NPOs) play a key role in resolving the challenges and inequalities prevalent in South Africa; however, turbulent events have led to existential concerns for many NPOs. It is important to understand how NPOs can augment their organisational resilience to mitigate existential concerns.Research purpose: Organisational resilience literature is in the nascent phase, and it is not yet clear how organisational resilience may be achieved. The objective of this article is to peruse relevant literature and propose an adaptive capacities conceptual framework for NPOs to enhance organisational resilience.Motivation for the study: A perusal of relevant literature was undertaken to identify the adaptive capacities of NPOs. One hundred and thirty-seven peer-reviewed articles were identified from electronic databases including EBSCO Host, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and Academic Search Complete. A thematic analysis of the literature reviewed resulted in 15 adaptive capacity themes that underwrite the proposed conceptual framework.Research design, approach and method: A perusal of relevant literature was undertaken to identify the adaptive capacities of NPOs. Common themes occurring from the literature reviewed resulted in three broad adaptive capacity categories that underwrite the proposed conceptual framework.Main findings: Nonprofit organisational resilience may be achieved by developing the interconnected adaptive capacities identified within the broad categories that are as follows: culture, leadership and people; tactical administration; and tactical planning and restructuring.Practical/managerial implications: Barriers to organisational resilience are connected to managers’ beliefs that no benefit is gained from a resilience outlook. The proposed framework could assist to reduce this barrier.Contribution/value-add: The conceptual model proposed provides a holistic view to enhance nonprofit organisational resilience and contribute to the academic literature on organisational resilience theory, which is in the nascent phase.

This chapter examines the role of dialogue in building connections across socio-cultural and ideological divides. Applying the lens of dialogue, it seeks to promote bridging social capital in an increasingly fragmented and polarized society. Social capital is often seen as the glue that holds societies together. The central idea of social capital is that social networks and relationships matter, and provide individuals and groups with useful and beneficial resources in two ways. Bonding social capital refers to horizontal ties between individuals within the same social group who are similar to each other. Bridging social capital refers to ties between individuals or social groups who are dissimilar and which cross socio-economic and cultural divides. For a stable and healthy society, both forms of social capital are needed, but especially bridging social capital is important for reconciling democracy and diversity. Moreover, social relationships with others have a positive impact on individuals’ well-being and life-satisfaction. This chapter explores the crossroads of two related, yet separated, areas of scholarship, namely social capital and dialogue studies. By reviewing their literatures and identifying areas where these disciplines might be brought together, it aims to demonstrate how dialogue can be used as a positive intervention to create bridging social capital. It will show how characteristics of dialogue foster the process of relationship building between people who are different. However, to successfully intervene in the formation of bridging social capital, it is crucial to consider the context in which it is built and maintained. Therefore, research needs to examine the purpose (why), the places (where), and the people (who) in the process (how) of building bridging social capital. As communication is crucial to cultivate relationships, this chapter asserts that creating bridging social capital is essentially a communicative accomplishment. The underlying long-term and challenging goal of building bridges through talk is to promote a more inclusive, empathetic, civil, and compassionate society.

Background:Social network analysis (SNA) evaluates the connections and behavior of individuals in social groups. The scientific collaboration network is a kind of SNAs. A social network could be defined as a collection of nodes (social existence) and links (connections) associated with the nodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the scientific outputs and collaboration networks of the countries and authors using indicators of SNA in the field of pituitary disorders between 2000 and 2020.Methods:This is a practical study performed by applying a scientometric approach and SNA. We retrieved 31257 papers in the field of pituitary disorders between 2000 and 2020. Data were analyzed using scientific software, namely, VOSviewer, UciNet, and Netdarw.Results:Based on degree centrality, Colao and Pivonello in the world, Shimon and Kadioghlu in the Middle-East (ME), and Khamseh, Ghorbani in Iran achieved the top ranking. Based on the betweenness centrality, Pivonello, Colao, and Chanson in the world, Laws, and Kadioghlu in the Middle-East, and Larijani, Mohseni, and Khamseh in Iran were known as the top authors. According to closeness centrality, Pivonello, Colao, and Chanson in the world, Kadioghlu and Kelestimur in the Middle-East, and Mohseni, Khamseh, and Larijani in Iran were the top authors. The map of the authors’ collaboration in the field of pituitary disorders consists of 92 nodes. A total number of 77313 authors had global collaboration. The global collaboration network was comprised of 129 nodes (country) and 2694 links (country’s collaboration). The Middle-East collaboration network revealed 69 nodes and 1708 links. The collaboration network of the Middle-East countries consists of 13 nodes and 50 links. Conclusion:Authors with a higher degree, betweenness and closeness centrality have greater efficiency (the number of articles) and effectiveness (the number of received citations). Moreover, the authors and countries that published more scientific products received more citations. In addition, in the Middle-East countries, the interdisciplinary scientific collaboration between the researchers in the fields of endocrinology, neurosurgery, pathology, and radiology has a significant impact on improving scientific outputs.

Are neighborhood bonding and bridging social capital protective against depressive mood in old age? A multilevel analysis in Japan

This study investigated the psychological conditions of Chinese international students in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the association between different forms of social capital and psychological outcomes (i.e., worries about being infected, subjective wellbeing, loneliness, and psychological coping responses). In our study, different forms of social capital refer to bonding social capital originating from host national and co-national networks, bridging social capital, and maintained social capital. A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in January 2021. Our results demonstrated that the effects of social capital on psychological conditions differed according to its form. Worries about being infected, loneliness, and negative coping had negative associations with bonding social capital originating from host national network, but no associations with bonding social capital originating from co-national network, bridging social capital, and maintained social capital. Subjective wellbeing had a positive relationship with social capital originating from host national network and bridging social capital. Positive coping was only significantly associated with bridging social capital. To help international students cope better with the pandemic, efforts are required to strengthen their host national networks and expand their weak-tie networks.

ABSTRACTA majority of senior Internet users maintains persistent social connections with others through social media (SM), such as Facebook and Twitter. This research explores the impacts of helping, self-expression, and enjoyment on bonding social capital and bridging social capital which in turn influence SM involvement; it also explores the moderating effect of avoidance attachment among senior SM users. The results show that helping, self-expression, and enjoyment have significant impacts on bonding social capital and bridging social capital. Also, bonding social capital and bridging social capital have significant effects on SM involvement. Furthermore, relationships between helping and bonding social capital, between self-expression and bonding social capital, and between self-expression and bridging social capital are stronger for seniors with high avoidance attachment. Conversely, the relationships between enjoyment and bonding social capital as well as between enjoyment and bridging social capital are stronger for seniors with low avoidance attachment. Accordingly, the results of this study provide theoretical contributions to the literature of behaviour and information technology. In addition, some implications of the research and various strategies for practitioners and marketers that can be used to better increase users’ involvement in SM for tourism-related activities are discussed.

Extended abstract 1. INTRODUCTION Regarding the significance of social capital in reducing social exclusion, the present study investigates the impact of community-based approach for strengthening bridging social capital and reducing social exclusion through applying social network analysis pre and post RFLDL community-based project implementation. Accordingly, heads of micro development committees of four villages including Ziaratshah, Dehreza, Rostam Abad-e- Ali Charak, and Aliabad Hashtsad Metri were scrutinized. 2. METHODOLOGY Applying survey method and through direct observation and interview with target groups, the nodes of the network including the micro-development committee heads (as the main decision makers in each sub-group) were specified in each region. These individuals (33 persons) were elected by villagers in four villages, i.e., Ziaratshah, Dehreza, Rostam Abad-e- Ali Charak, and Aliabad Hashtsad Metri. Trust and participation ties of heads were examined for evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of this project aimed at investigating the bridging ties and measuring out-group social capital. The network analysis method used in this study was whole network method which scrutinizes all network members. Eventually, the gathered data were analyzed using UCINET software version 6.507. Indicators including density, reciprocity, transitivity of ties, and average geodesic distance were studied. 3. DISCUSSION It was found out that the level of density of trust and participation ties of heads of the four villages increased following project implementation. Enhancement of density leads to higher trust, participation, and social capital which in turn increases reciprocity of trust and participation ties following project implementation. Enhancement of this indicator makes the network of heads more optimally sustainable. The average geodesic distance of trust and participation ties in the four villages was 2.05 and 2.09, respectively. These reached to 1.61 and 1.67 following project implementation. As the average geodesic distance value was near to 1, it is inferred that the speed of information and resource transfer among members was high and it is also indicative of high unity. Once the project was accomplished, the level of this value was evaluated moderate. E-I indicator of out-group trust doubled in the four pilot villages and regarding participation indicator, it increased 1.5 times as much as pre-project implementation. This in turn contributes significantly to enhancement of bridging social capital and consequently reduction of social exclusion. It is argued that RFLDL project implementation in this village could have successfully led to trust building and provided favorable ground for participation and collaboration among heads of the rural development committees so that as more ties formed among members, bridging social capital also increased. Social capital can provide suitable condition for access to other human and financial resources and reduction of social exclusion. The level of institutionalization of traditions and local customs in one hand and sustainability and balance of network on the other hand was assessed moderately based on trust and participation ties. Strengthening of mutual relations for sustainability of network and improving social capital is therefore required. Fortunately, once project was through, it was revealed that this occurred at an optimum level. Regarding the significance of the speed of coordination in co-management process, reinforcement of trust and especially participation tie for boosting the speed of transfer, less average geodesic distance among individuals besides less time required for coordinating and uniting local beneficiaries are fundamentally important. Based on E-I indicator, it can be asserted that implementing local community's empowerment project (RFLDL) in four regions of Rigan District resulted in higher bridging social capital which in its turn reduced social exclusion. 4. CONCLUSION Through sociological perspective, enhancement of social participation as an integration-oriented policy will lead to less social exclusion. Since higher bridging social capital is followed by less social exclusion, it is argued that RFLDL project which increased out-group relations, lessened social exclusion in pilot areas. Considering the significance of bridging social capital for reducing exclusion, reinforcement of bridging ties within a network is critically essential and is the main communication channel of micro development committee heads in the four regions. Comparing the pre and post project implementation conditions, it can be asserted that this project fell effective in strengthening the relations between villages. Improved social capital led to better participation and communication of individuals with one another and exclusion reduced, accordingly.

The study of diversity in nonprofit organizations is at a nascent stage. Using a grounded theory process centering on the racial composition of Girl Scout troop members and volunteers, this study proposes a two-pronged theory of diversity in voluntary organizations. Building upon Adler and Kwon’s three aspects of social capital—opportunity, motivation, and ability—the study concludes that even when sufficient opportunity and mission-based motivation exists, social capital of the bridging type will likely be insufficient to sustain interactions among diverse members. To remedy this problem, the theory suggests that a voluntary organization can first rely upon the bonding type of social capital to increase representational diversity, then structure mission-relevant interactions among diverse members to create bridging social capital, and sustain pluralistic diversity. New directions for research and practice are also discussed, with the theory indicating that many nonprofits possess characteristics favoring the creation of bridging social capital.

Federal funding agencies that administer financial support in the form of program grants to non-profit organizations (NPOs) that provide child and family services increasingly require NPOs to formalize inter-organizational partnerships in order to receive this vital source of funding. That is, by mandate NPOs must participate in inter-organizational collaboration networks to receive these essential federal funds. Therefore, there is a need to understand the collaboration behavior of NPOs in a policy-mandated environment. This study considers collaboration behavior as information sharing and advice-seeking between the organizations who are part of a collaboration network as a result of a policy mandate. Drawing on collaboration theory, social capital theory, and social network theory, this study examines the evolution of a collaboration network by assessing how NPOs in a policy-mandated context chose to engage in information-sharing behaviors and how these behaviors changed over time as NPOs developed a working history together. This research examined the production and distribution of social capital as the primary mechanism for motivating collaboration (i.e., information exchange) as the network evolved. Using Louisiana’s Project Linking Actions for Unmet Needs in Children’s Health (LAUNCH) as a case study, this study analyzed five years of self-reported organization-level data on collaboration behaviors and information exchanged among NPOs within the LAUNCH network. A social network approach was used to analyze the evolution of collaboration practices and found that existing ties play a pivotal role in facilitating information exchange behaviors among the NPOs in the study. That is, organizations are more likely to create information-sharing partnerships with other organizations that have been endorsed and vouched for by an existing partner, or they share information with organizations that have already shared information with them in the past. This showed a tendency towards bonding social capital wherein organizations are provided security against the high levels of risk within a policy-mandated collaboration by the convenience and accessibility offered by maintaining existing relationships. Results of this study were consistent throughout the different model specifications employed in the analysis, and reveal key implications for organizations engaged in policy-mandated partnerships, as well as for funders who require collaboration. Keywords: Collaboration, Partnerships, Collaboration Network, Collaboration Theory, Social Capital Theory, Social Network Theory, Social Network Analysis

This paper addresses the influence of social capital in collaborative networks. With the social context of collaborative networks becoming increasingly important, research has broadened the traditional concept of competitiveness to include and emphasise ‘soft’ elements, like social capital. The social capital concept can be attained in two different contexts: intra- and inter-groups. The objective of this study is to identify inter-organisational social capital elements and the relationship with collaborative network competitiveness. The idea is to answer some questions such as (1) what are the elements that explain inter-organisational social capital? (2) how are these elements related to competitiveness? (3) what organisational characteristics facilitate social capital formation? A survey was conducted in the enterprises from the Brazilian Wine Industry Cluster. The data were analysed using factorial analysis and bivariate correlations. The results point out three social capital factors that correspond to the social capital dimensions found in literature: structural, relational and cognitive. The research shows that the correlations among social capital dimensions and competitiveness are strong and significant, specially the structural and relational dimensions. Finally, implications for research and managerial practice were discussed.