Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the effects of a daily undulating periodization (DUP) and non-periodized (NP) resistance training programs on hemodynamic parameters of older women. Forty-two older women were randomized into one of the three experimental groups: NP, DUP, and control group (CG). Evaluations of the hemodynamic parameters occurred before, during and after the intervention. The exercise programs were performed twice a week over 22 weeks. NP and DUP groups were based on 3 sets of 8–10 repetitions in 9 exercises. In NP, the two exercise sessions were based on traditional strength training, which was performed at a Difficult intensity according to the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method. In DUP, the first session was based on power resistance exercise, in which the concentric muscle contraction was performed as fast as possible at a moderate intensity based on RPE, while the second session was the same that was performed by NP. The findings demonstrated that diastolic blood pressure (90.4 vs. 76.2 mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (108.6 vs. 92.7 mmHg) were significantly reduced after NP, while no significant alterations were observed in DUP. Nevertheless, both training groups seem to have a cardio protective effect, since both training modes prevented the increase in HR reported in the experimental period in CG. In conclusion, our findings indicate that a 22-week NP resistance training program causes beneficial effects on hemodynamic parameters of older women.Trial Registration: NCT03443375.
Highlights
Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most prevalent diseases in older people, given that more than 70% of those aged 60 years or more around the world have been clinically diagnosed with this condition (Mozaffarian et al, 2015)
The findings demonstrated that diastolic blood pressure (90.4 vs. 76.2 mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (108.6 vs. 92.7 mmHg) were significantly reduced after NP, while no significant alterations were observed in daily undulating periodization (DUP)
Different compliance rates were observed among the groups, given that 4 participants dropout in the NP (n = 10; 28.5%), while 2 participants dropout in the DUP (n = 12; 14.2%)
Summary
Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most prevalent diseases in older people, given that more than 70% of those aged 60 years or more around the world have been clinically diagnosed with this condition (Mozaffarian et al, 2015). In relation to the last, sex hormones mediate vascular control through their binding to vascular receptors causing endothelium-dependent vasodilatation by a mechanism dependent of nitric oxide (NO) (Qiao et al, 2008). This phenomenon is impaired during menopause and aging in response to reduced levels in sex hormones (Qiao et al, 2008). These changes on NO pathway deserve concern because NO availability is strongly associated with cardiovascular control and functioning (Farah et al, 2018)
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