Abstract
Noninvasive focused ultrasound stimulation (FUS) can be used to modulate neural activity with high spatial resolution. Phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) between neuronal oscillations is tightly associated with cognitive processes, including learning, attention, and memory. In this study, we investigated the effect of FUS on PAC between neuronal oscillations and established the relationship between the PAC index and ultrasonic intensity. The rat hippocampus was stimulated using focused ultrasound at different spatial-average pulse-average ultrasonic intensities (3.9, 9.6, and 19.2 W/cm2). The local field potentials (LFPs) in the rat hippocampus were recorded before and after FUS. Then, we analyzed PAC between neuronal oscillations using a PAC calculation algorithm. Our results showed that FUS significantly modulated PAC between the theta (4–8 Hz) and gamma (30–80 Hz) bands and between the alpha (9–13 Hz) and ripple (81–200 Hz) bands in the rat hippocampus, and PAC increased with incremental increases in ultrasonic intensity.
Highlights
Neuronal oscillations provide a mechanism for forming cell assemblies and coordinating cell assemblies by linking the activity of multiple neurons (Wiley, 2010)
We investigated phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) that was induced by focused ultrasound stimulation (FUS) at different ultrasonic intensities
Based the comparison of the phase-amplitude coupling index (PACI) between the three ultrasonic intensities and the control, we found that the change in PAC was obvious in the theta and gamma frequency bands and the alpha and ripple frequency bands
Summary
Neuronal oscillations provide a mechanism for forming cell assemblies and coordinating cell assemblies by linking the activity of multiple neurons (Wiley, 2010). The amplitude of a faster rhythm is coupled to the phase of a slower rhythm; this is termed phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) and reflects the interactions between local micro-scale and systems-level macro-scale neuronal ensembles. PAC can be used as an index of cortical excitability and network interactions (Klausberger et al, 2003; Knight, 2007; Haider and McCormick, 2009; Voytek et al, 2010). Recent findings have shown that PAC was a mechanism for working memory capacity and the discrete. PAC is a new index that reflects the dynamic interactions between neuronal oscillations
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