Abstract
Daily continuous glucose monitoring is very helpful in the control of glucose levels for people with diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. In this study, a multisensor-based, noninvasive continuous glucometer was developed, which can continuously estimate glucose levels via monitoring of physiological parameter changes such as impedance spectroscopy at low and high frequency, optical properties, temperature and humidity. Thirty-three experiments were conducted for six healthy volunteers and three volunteers with diabetes. Results showed that the average correlation coefficient between the estimated glucose profiles and reference glucose profiles reached 0.8314, with a normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) of 14.6064. The peak time of postprandial glucose was extracted from the glucose profile, and its estimated value had a correlation coefficient of 0.9449 with the reference value, wherein the root mean square error (RMSE) was 6.8958 min. Using Clarke error grid (CEG) analysis, 100% of the estimated glucose values fell in the clinically acceptable zones A and B, and 92.86% fell in zone A. The application of a multisensor-based, noninvasive continuous glucometer and time series analysis can endure the time delay between human physiological parameters and glucose level changes, so as to potentially accomplish noninvasive daily continuous glucose monitoring.
Highlights
Noninvasive glucose monitoring can accomplish painless, risk-free, low-cost and frequent testing of glucose, which is an ideal method for self-monitoring of glucose[16]
By screening features according to the similarity between each feature and the reference glucose profile and establishing a model using time series analysis, this proposed glucometer overcame the problem of the time delay between physiological parameter changes and glucose level changes
Three volunteers with diabetes, each of them accepting to participate in five experiments, and six healthy volunteers, each of them accepting to participate in three lunch experiments, were recruited
Summary
Noninvasive glucose monitoring can accomplish painless, risk-free, low-cost and frequent testing of glucose, which is an ideal method for self-monitoring of glucose[16]. For the above noninvasive glucose monitoring methods, the main model is to obtain the glucose value according to physiological parameters at the time of testing[25,27,28,29,30,31]. A multisensor-based, noninvasive continuous glucometer integrated with impedance spectroscopy at low and high frequency, optical properties, temperature and humidity was developed, which can estimate glucose variation by continuously obtaining time series data from multiple sensors. By screening features according to the similarity between each feature and the reference glucose profile and establishing a model using time series analysis, this proposed glucometer overcame the problem of the time delay between physiological parameter changes and glucose level changes. By conducting experiments on diabetic and nondiabetic, we showed that such a glucometer could potentially realize noninvasive, daily, continuous glucose monitoring
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