Non-synchronous coordinated reduction method (NSCR) for slopes based on 3D geological modeling

Three-dimensional geological survey was based on the surface geological mapping, which was to solve the major geological problems; it was a comprehensive three-dimensional geological survey, which used modern geological theories, advanced integrated exploration methods and three-dimensional visual information technology. The integrated comprehensive display on 3D geological model is the major means to solve the more types and complex sources of 3D geological mapping model. This paper combined actual application achievements of 3D geological model integrated display by Xiang shan's 3D geological survey, it also discussed and analyzed systematically the design ideology, system architecture and ideas of technical realization, in order to provide a new ideas and methods for domestic integrated display about three-dimensional geological model. Keywords-integrated display platform; 3D geological model; construction technology; universal 3D file interfaces

This study examines the development trajectory and current trends of three-dimensional (3D) geological modelling. In recent years, due to the rising global energy demand and the increasing frequency of regional geological disasters, significant progress has been made in this field. The purpose of this study is to clarify the potential complexity of 3D geological modelling, identify persistent challenges, and propose potential avenues for improvement. The main objectives include simplifying the modelling process, improving model accuracy, integrating different data sources, and quantitatively evaluating model parameters. This study integrates global research in this field, focusing on the latest breakthroughs and applications in mineral exploration, engineering geology, geological disaster assessment, and military geosciences. For example, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tilt photography technology, multisource data fusion, 3D geological modelling method based on machine learning, etc. By identifying areas for improvement and making recommendations, this work aims to provide valuable insights to guide the future development of geological modelling toward a more comprehensive and accurate “Transparent Earth”. This review underscores the global applications of 3D geological modelling, highlighting its crucial role across various sectors such as mineral exploration, the oil and gas industry, urban planning, geological hazard assessment, and geoscientific research. The review emphasizes the sector-specific importance of this technology in enhancing modelling accuracy and efficiency, optimizing resource management, driving technological innovation, and improving disaster response capabilities. These insights provide a comprehensive understanding of how 3D geological modelling can significantly impact and benefit multiple industries worldwide.

3D model is a 3D digital representation of objective things, which has been widely applied in fields like urban construction, disaster prevention and mitigation, medical research, biological science, industrial manufacturing, agricultural production, etc. As a special 3D model, 3D geological model possesses the characteristics of 3D model and plays a fundamental role in geological survey, mineral exploitation, underground engineering and smart city construction.With the development of intelligent sensing technology and 3D geological modeling technology, the scale of 3D geological model data increases exponentially. Meanwhile, with the pace of large-scale underground engineering and smart city continuing to increase, 3D geological model with fine large scenes is being eagerly required. The rapid growth of data and the refinement of large application scenes bring new challenges to the real-time dynamic visualization of 3D geological models. These challenges are mainly reflected in the new technical problems related to 3D geological model rendering.This study focuses on 3D geological model rendering and puts forward the corresponding solutions. The validity of the technology has been proved by the simulation test of cluster cloud environment consisting of 5 computers. The technique has been applied in the construction of 3D geological information and visualization system in transparent Xiong’an.Firstly, the data organization mode of two common structures of 3D geological model (3D geological structure model and 3D geological high-precision grid model) is analyzed, and a distributed storage strategy of 3D geological model based on MongoDB is proposed. Aiming at the characteristics of multi-layer data in z-direction of 3D geological structure model, an octree index mechanism is proposed to improve the efficiency of data scheduling according to the z-direction spatial information and layer information. The rendering optimization of a single node 3D geological model is studied. The rendering in the cloud environment still needs the cooperation of each sub-node. Therefore, the overall rendering efficiency in the cloud environment can be improved by adopting efficient rendering optimization strategies for the 3D geological model of each node and selecting an effective node scheduling strategies. Single-node 3D geological model rendering is mainly performed by transferring data from memory to GPU. The communication between memory and GPU is a bottleneck, which will affect the overall rendering efficiency. Through the strategies of visibility elimination, LOD establishment, data merging and instance rendering optimization, this thesis effectively reduces the number of drawing calls and communication times. How to optimize and improve the overall performance of 3D geological model rendering in cloud environment from a global perspective is studied, and a multi-level distributed SCMP framework is proposed, which integrates the advantages of cluster, GPU, distributed storage, etc., to maximize the distributed computing ability of existing machines and improve the rendering efficiency in cloud environment. From the experimental data, the node invocation optimization strategy with “GPU+CPU” can ensure that the frame rate of the four rendering nodes and the end-user scene in the cloud environment is stable at about 35 frames per second, and can achieve satisfactory cluster load balancing effect.

Three-dimensional geological modelling and multivariate statistical analysis of water chemistry data to analyse and visualise aquifer structure and groundwater composition in the Wairau Plain, Marlborough District, New Zealand

Three-dimensional geological modeling and spatial analysis from geotechnical borehole data using an implicit surface and marching tetrahedra algorithm

Framework system and research flow of uncertainty in 3D geological structure models

This paper reports an application of uncertainty visualisation of a regional scale (1:50 000) 3D geological geometry model to be involved in GIS-based 3D mineral potential assessment of the Xiangxibei lead-zinc mineral concentration area in northwestern Hunan District, China. Three-dimensional (3D) geological modelling is a process of interpretation that combines a set of input measurements in geometry. Today, technology has become a necessary part of GIS-based deep prospecting. However, issues of sparse data and imperfect understanding exist in the process so that there are several uncertainties in 3D geological modelling. And these uncertainties are inevitably transmitted into the post-processing applications, such as model-based mineral resource assessment. Thus, in this paper, first, a big-data-based method was used to estimate the uncertainty of a 3D geological model; second, a group of expectations of geological geometry uncertainty were calculated and integrated into ore-bearing stratoisohypse modelling, which is one of the major favourable parameters of assessment for Lead-Zinc (Pb-Zn) deep prospectivity mapping in northwestern Hunan; and finally, prospecting targets were improved.

The development and utilization of urban underground space represents a crucial strategy for achieving sustainable urban development. Three-dimensional (3D) geological models provide a data foundation and technical support for research in urban planning and construction, as well as the prevention and control of environmental geological issues. However, current urban 3D geological modeling generally faces the challenge of multi-source heterogeneous modeling data. This often necessitates varying degrees of generalization in data processing, resulting in the majority of current urban 3D geological models being relatively coarse and insufficient to fulfill the demand for detailed geological information in contemporary urban development and management. Therefore, determining how to formulate or optimize the 3D geological modeling schemes to enhance the utilization of multi-source heterogeneous data is a key challenge in current urban 3D geological modeling. This study, taking the 3D geological structure modeling of Wuhan’s metropolitan development area (MDA) as an example, develops an automated scheme for standardizing modeling data based on multi-scale geological chronostratigraphy. By utilizing the standardized stratigraphy as a unified and independent geological framework for layered modeling, a high-precision 3D geological model of Wuhan’s MDA, characterized by large-scale and ultra-complex geological conditions, is constructed through a methodology that integrates the global discrete constrained points modeling approach with the global layered modeling approach, without generalizing the multi-source heterogeneous modeling data. This research not only holds significant practical implications for the prevention and control of comprehensive urban geological issues in Wuhan but also provides novel technical insights into the methodology of 3D urban geological modeling.

3D geological modeling based on gravitational and magnetic data inversion in the Luanchuan ore region, Henan Province, China

Three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling technology offers intricate geological information services and technical support for the research of urban geological conditions and their evolutionary mechanisms. It further facilitates the analysis of environmental geological problems, encompassing their distinguishing features and genetic mechanisms. The precision of such three-dimensional models is predominantly influenced by the caliber of modeling data, the chosen modeling methodologies, and the intricacy of the modeled geological objects. This research, exemplified by the three-dimensional geological structure modeling of the Wuhan metropolitan development area, aims to explore a comprehensive three-dimensional modeling framework for urban geology, particularly in scenarios with large-scale and complex geological conditions. This study holds significant technical value in enhancing the application of 3D geological modeling, as well as practical importance for urban geological investigations and research.

Three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling has been used for design and construction works to overcome the complex nature of underground geological conditions. The accuracy and reliability of geological information reflected by the 3D model are critical for engineers to make sound judgement. The 3D model is usually established using borehole data. The data gaps between boreholes affect the accuracy of the 3D geological model. Instead of getting additional borehole data, geophysical survey is a promisingly cost-effective method to fill the data gaps and improve the assessment of the underground uncertainties. In this study, a case of using the seismic surface wave methods to determine the engineering rockhead and thus fill the data gap in the 3D geological model is presented. In relation to a subway project in Singapore, the combination of geophysical methods and 3D geological model for rockhead detection at this site was explored. Seismic geophysical survey was carried out to map the rockhead which was calibrated and verified using borehole data. This improves the accuracy of the rockhead obtained from 3D geological model. Through this study, a procedure of using geophysical methods to obtain additional data to verify and update the existing 3D geological model has been established. INTRODUCTION Three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling has been widely used for underground design and construction works to overcome the complex nature of underground geological conditions (Dong et al., 2015; Pan et al., 2018; Pan et al., 2020; He et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2021). The accuracy and reliability of the geological information indicated by the 3D model are critical for engineering practitioners to comprehend and visualize the subsurface conditions and make a sound judgement (Wu et al., 2022; Qi et al., 2021). It is considerably significant and valuable in practice to locate the top surface of moderately weathered rock (Weathering Grade III or better) in the 3D geological map since the geo-materials and mechanical behaviors start to vary apparently from this interface. The engineering rockhead is conventionally identified via the traditional geotechnical investigation which involves drilling boreholes and the subsequent interpretation of the borehole logs and coring samples. The accuracy of the interpreted rockhead or geological profile largely depends on the borehole quantity, location and spacing, as well as the interpretation of geologist. When the boreholes are sparse, the uncertainties become large and thus additional boreholes are required to reduce them. Unfortunately, getting more borehole data is expensive. It is also challenging to carry out drilling works within restricted areas such as urbanized cities or inaccessible terrains such as natural reserve or lakes.

Learning 3D mineral prospectivity from 3D geological models using convolutional neural networks: Application to a structure-controlled hydrothermal gold deposit

Three-dimensional (3D) geological models are currently needed and used independently for urban development. The main difficulty in constructing a 3D geological model of a shallow subsurface is to determine the stratigraphic distribution. Highly variable properties and geometries of geological units beneath lead to difficulty. It is key to find a practicable and efficient way to construct a model in practical work. This study takes Tongzhou District (Beijing) as a case; 476 boreholes (40 newly drilled and 436 existing engineering boreholes) were utilized combined with the cross-section method to construct an integrated 3D geological model. The framework and analyses contributed to the following applications: (1) High-quality information from new boreholes and existing engineering boreholes were used to define stratigraphy and build cross-sections. (2) The resulting geological model (up to 50 m beneath Tongzhou area) shows many details of the shallow subsurface. This includes 10 major layers which were grouped into three cyclothems representing cyclic sequences of clay, interbedded silt, sand, and gravel with variable quantities of lenses. (3) The new model was used as a tool to visualize the depth and geometry variations below ground and to characterize a large variety of properties (for example, the compression modulus analyzed in this paper) that each unit contains, and then to evaluate the underground geological conditions. (4) An analysis of a dynamic monitoring model based on the resulting 3D model indicated that the geological units (sand and silty clay) at depths between 30 m and 40 m, with an average vertical deformation of 0.97 mm, from July 2019 to September 2020, are suitable for underground construction, from the perspective of vertical stability in the study area. Monitoring models that take time into consideration based on a 3D framework will be further explored.

GSIS: A 3D geological multi-body modeling system from netty cross-sections with topology

Section-constrained local geological interface dynamic updating method based on the HRBF surface